From e2d5716461a9c059417dccfa46bc33393c90ff7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cglcv <cvcglc@163.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 2024 17:47:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Release V1.0

---
 1.0/amp/edfa.va                      |  64 +++
 1.0/amp/soa.va                       |  69 +++
 1.0/laser/dfb.va                     | 124 ++++++
 1.0/laser/dhld.va                    | 108 +++++
 1.0/laser/eml.va                     | 201 +++++++++
 1.0/laser/qwld.va                    |  98 +++++
 1.0/laser/vcsel.va                   | 380 +++++++++++++++++
 1.0/lightsource/cw_maginput.va       |  18 +
 1.0/lightsource/cw_powinput.va       |  19 +
 1.0/lightsource/cw_realimageinput.va |  23 +
 1.0/lightsource/led.va               |  17 +
 1.0/modulator/basicea.va             |  95 +++++
 1.0/modulator/basicmz.va             |  82 ++++
 1.0/modulator/idealam.va             |  19 +
 1.0/modulator/idealea.va             |  23 +
 1.0/modulator/idealfm.va             |  22 +
 1.0/modulator/idealmz.va             |  23 +
 1.0/modulator/idealpm.va             |  18 +
 1.0/modulator/neffmz.va              | 584 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1.0/passive/chifilterbasic.va        |  29 ++
 1.0/passive/chifiltergauss.va        |  27 ++
 1.0/passive/gainbasic.va             |  21 +
 1.0/passive/jointer2.va              |  31 ++
 1.0/passive/jointer3.va              |  35 ++
 1.0/passive/jointerbasic.va          | 134 ++++++
 1.0/passive/mmi1x2.va                | 329 ++++++++++++++
 1.0/passive/mmi2x2.va                | 331 ++++++++++++++
 1.0/passive/phasedelay.va            |  24 ++
 1.0/passive/spliter2.va              |  21 +
 1.0/passive/spliter3.va              |  26 ++
 1.0/passive/spliterbasic.va          | 136 ++++++
 1.0/passive/wgarc.va                 | 150 +++++++
 1.0/passive/wgstrmodecp.va           | 136 ++++++
 1.0/passive/wgstroptilen.va          |  65 +++
 1.0/passive/xcouplerbasic.va         | 284 ++++++++++++
 1.0/passive/xcouplerideal.va         | 114 +++++
 1.0/pd/msmpd.va                      |  86 ++++
 1.0/pd/pinapd.va                     | 191 +++++++++
 1.0/pd/pinpd.va                      | 176 ++++++++
 1.0/ring/basicfilter.va              | 243 +++++++++++
 1.0/ring/basicfilter_withv.va        | 617 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1.0/ring/basicreso.va                | 140 ++++++
 1.0/ring/basicreso_withv.va          | 475 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1.0/ring/idealfilter.va              |  80 ++++
 1.0/ring/idealreso.va                |  47 ++
 1.0/ring/nefffilter.va               | 351 +++++++++++++++
 1.0/ring/neffreso.va                 | 330 ++++++++++++++
 1.0/tools/randbit.va                 |  34 ++
 1.0/tools/randbit_pam4.va            |  48 +++
 1.0/tools/riout.va                   |  15 +
 1.0/tools/vfreq.va                   |  13 +
 51 files changed, 6726 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 1.0/amp/edfa.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/amp/soa.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/laser/dfb.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/laser/dhld.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/laser/eml.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/laser/qwld.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/laser/vcsel.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/lightsource/cw_maginput.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/lightsource/cw_powinput.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/lightsource/cw_realimageinput.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/lightsource/led.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/basicea.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/basicmz.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/idealam.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/idealea.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/idealfm.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/idealmz.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/idealpm.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/modulator/neffmz.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/chifilterbasic.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/chifiltergauss.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/gainbasic.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/jointer2.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/jointer3.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/jointerbasic.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/mmi1x2.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/mmi2x2.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/phasedelay.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/spliter2.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/spliter3.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/spliterbasic.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/wgarc.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/wgstrmodecp.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/wgstroptilen.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/xcouplerbasic.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/passive/xcouplerideal.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/pd/msmpd.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/pd/pinapd.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/pd/pinpd.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/basicfilter.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/basicfilter_withv.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/basicreso.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/basicreso_withv.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/idealfilter.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/idealreso.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/nefffilter.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/ring/neffreso.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/tools/randbit.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/tools/randbit_pam4.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/tools/riout.va
 create mode 100644 1.0/tools/vfreq.va

diff --git a/1.0/amp/edfa.va b/1.0/amp/edfa.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2300baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/amp/edfa.va
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//VerilogA for amp,edfa,veriloga
+//单模，单正向
+//后续更新
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define NUM_INT 10000
+
+module edfa(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real length = 6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real sig_a = 3.86e-25 from (0:inf); //absorption, 1550nm
+    parameter real sig_e = 4.27e-25 from (0:inf); //emission, 1550nm
+    parameter real tau = 10.0e-3 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real gamma = 0.67 from (0:1);
+    parameter real nEr = 2.5e24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real beff = 1.5e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real bgloss = 0.03 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real bandwidth = 0.0 from [0:inf);
+
+    input Ipow, Iphase, Ilam;
+    output Opow, Ophase, Olam;
+    electrical Ipow, Iphase, Ilam, Opow, Ophase, Olam;
+
+    real Pk;
+    real Pase = 0;
+    real dz;
+    real dPk, dPase;
+    real lk;
+    real f2;
+    integer i;
+    real freq;
+    real df;
+
+    analog begin
+        freq = `P_C/V(Ilam);
+        dz = length/`NUM_INT;
+        Pk=V(Ipow);
+
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 0) begin
+            lk=bgloss;
+        end
+        else if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            lk=bgloss/10.0*ln(10);
+        end
+
+        for (i=0; i<`NUM_INT; i=i+1) begin
+            f2=tau*(Pk+Pase)/(`M_PI*beff*beff*`P_H*freq)*gamma*sig_a/(1+tau*(Pk+Pase)/(`M_PI*beff*beff*`P_H*freq)*gamma*(sig_a+sig_e));
+            // $display("f2=%e",f2);
+            dPk = (sig_e*f2-sig_a*(1-f2))*gamma*nEr*Pk-lk*Pk;
+            // $display("dPk=%e",dPk);
+            dPase = (sig_e*f2-sig_a*(1-f2))*gamma*nEr*Pase+sig_e*gamma*nEr*f2*2.0*`P_H*freq*bandwidth-lk*Pase;
+            // $display("dPase=%e",dPase);
+            Pk = Pk + dPk*dz;
+            Pase = Pase + dPase*dz;
+        end
+
+        V(Opow) <+ Pk + Pase;
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase);
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/amp/soa.va b/1.0/amp/soa.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5c8154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/amp/soa.va
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//VerilogA for amp,soa,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module soa(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vinj,Gnd);
+    parameter real length = 500e-6 from (0:1e-3];
+    parameter real width = 3e-6 from (0:50e-6];
+    parameter real height = 80e-9 from (0:5e-6];
+    parameter real gamma = 0.15 from (0:1];
+    parameter real alpha_s = 4000 from (0:5e4];
+    parameter real dg = 2.78e-20 from (0:50e-20];
+    parameter real Ntr = 1.4e24 from (0:5e25];
+    parameter real alpha = 5.0 from [-20:20];
+    parameter real A = 1.43e8 from [0:1e11];
+    parameter real B = 1e-16 from (0:1e-13];
+    parameter real C = 3e-41 from (0:1e-37];
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vinj;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vinj,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Gnd;
+    electrical Na;
+
+    real eir,eii,soar,soai,eor,eoi;
+    real E_in,ph_in;
+    real g,gtot,Pav,N;
+    real Vsoa;
+    real freq;
+
+    branch(Gnd,Na) Iin;
+    branch(Na,Gnd) C1,Ra,Ib,Ic,Iav;
+
+    analog initial begin
+        N=3e24;
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        Vsoa=length*width*height;
+        
+        N=V(Na)/(`P_Q*Vsoa);
+        g=dg*(N-Ntr);
+        gtot=gamma*g-alpha_s;
+        Pav=V(Ipow)*(exp(gtot*length)-1)/(gtot*length);
+
+        I(Iin) <+ I(Vinj);
+        I(C1) <+ ddt(V(C1));
+        I(Ra) <+ A*V(Ra);
+        I(Ib) <+ `P_Q*Vsoa*B*pow(N,2);
+        I(Ic) <+ `P_Q*Vsoa*C*pow(N,3);
+        I(Iav) <+ `P_Q*gamma*g*Pav*length/(`P_H*freq);
+
+        E_in=sqrt(V(Ipow));
+        ph_in=V(Iphase)/360*2*`M_PI;
+        eir=E_in*cos(ph_in);
+        eii=E_in*sin(ph_in);
+        soar=exp((gamma*g*length-alpha_s*length)/2)*cos(alpha*gamma*g*length/2);
+        soai=exp((gamma*g*length-alpha_s*length)/2)*sin(alpha*gamma*g*length/2);
+        eor=soar*eir-soai*eii;
+        eoi=soai*eir+soar*eii;
+
+        V(Opow) <+ eor**2+eoi**2;
+        V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eoi,eor)*360/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/laser/dfb.va b/1.0/laser/dfb.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e1adc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/laser/dfb.va
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+//VerilogA for laser,dfb,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module dfb(Vin,Vlam,Gnd,OpowL,OpowR,OphaseL,OphaseR,OlamL,OlamR);
+	parameter real L = 300u from [0:inf);
+    parameter real W = 1.5u from [0:inf);
+    parameter real D = 0.2u from [0:inf);
+    parameter real GAM = 0.3 from [0:1);
+    parameter real T = 10n from [0:inf);
+    parameter real BEATsp = 5e-5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter integer ID = 0 from [0:1];
+    parameter real G0 = 25000 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Ntr = 1e24 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real EPS = 6e-23 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real B = 1e-16 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real A = 7.5E-41 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rl = 1e-8 from [0:1);
+    parameter real Rr = 1E-8 from [0:1);
+    parameter real ALFA0 = 5000 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Q1 = 1.9998 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Q2 = 1.4391E-4 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rat = 1 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Ng = 3.6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real N0 = 6.5e13 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Vbi = 1.13 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real EIT = 2 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 1E-5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cp = 0p from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rd = 1E15 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Csc0 = 0p from [0:inf);
+
+
+    input Vin,Vlam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    output OpowL,OpowR,OphaseL,OphaseR,OlamL,OlamR;
+    electrical Vin,Vlam,Gnd,OpowL,OpowR,OphaseL,OphaseR,OlamL,OlamR;
+    electrical Nin1,Ns,Nph;
+
+    real VT=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q;
+    real Vact;
+    real Cg;
+    real CPL,CPR,Tph,QV,Cph,Rph;
+    real Cd,Csc;
+    real N,G;
+	
+	real UL,UW,UD;
+	real UN0,UG0,UNtr,UEPS;
+	real UA,UB,UALFA0,ULAMBDA,ULSPEED,UQ2;
+
+    branch (Nin1,Gnd) R2,C1,C2,C3,B1,B2,B3,B4;
+    branch (Gnd,Ns) B5,B6,R3,C4;
+	branch (Gnd,Nph) B7,C5;
+
+    analog begin
+
+		UL=L*1e6;
+		UW=W*1e6;
+		UD=D*1e6;
+		UG0=G0*1e-6;
+		UN0=N0*1e-18;
+		UNtr=Ntr*1e-18;
+		UEPS=EPS*1e18;
+		UA=A*1e36;
+		UB=B*1e18;
+		UALFA0=ALFA0*1e-6;
+		ULAMBDA=V(Vlam)*1e6;
+		ULSPEED=`P_C*1e6;
+		UQ2=Q2*1e6;
+
+        Vact=UL*UW*UD;
+        Cg=ULSPEED/Ng;
+        CPL=`P_H*Cg*Vact*Rat*ULSPEED*(1-Rl)/ULAMBDA/UQ2;
+        CPR=`P_H*Cg*Vact*Rat*ULSPEED*(1-Rr)/ULAMBDA/UQ2;
+        Tph=Ng/(ULSPEED*(UALFA0+Q1/UQ2));
+        QV=`P_Q*Vact;
+        Cph=QV;
+        Rph=Tph/QV;
+
+ 		N=UN0*(exp(V(Nin1,Gnd)/EIT/VT)-1.0);
+
+        if (N<UNtr)
+            G=0;
+        else begin
+            if (ID<1)
+                G=UG0*(N/UNtr-1.0)/(1.0+UEPS*abs(V(Ns,Gnd)));
+            else
+                G=UG0*ln(N/UNtr)/(1.0+UEPS*abs(V(Ns,Gnd)));
+        end
+
+        Cd=QV*UN0*exp(V(Nin1,Gnd)/EIT/VT)/(EIT*VT);
+        if (V(Nin1,Gnd)<Vbi)
+            Csc=Csc0/sqrt(1.0-V(Nin1,Gnd)/Vbi);
+        else
+            Csc=Csc0/sqrt(0.1);
+
+        V(Vin,Nin1) <+ I(Vin,Nin1)*Rs;
+        V(R2) <+ I(R2)*Rd;
+        I(C1) <+ Cp*ddt(V(C1));
+        I(C2) <+ Cd*ddt(V(C2));
+        I(C3) <+ Csc*ddt(V(C3));
+        I(B1) <+ QV*N/T;
+        I(B2) <+ QV*UA*pow(N,3);
+        I(B3) <+ QV*UB*pow(N,2);
+        I(B4) <+ QV*Cg*GAM*G*abs(V(Gnd,Ns));
+
+        I(B5) <+ BEATsp*QV*UB*pow(N,2);
+        I(B6) <+ QV*Cg*GAM*G*abs(V(Gnd,Ns));
+        I(C4) <+ Cph*ddt(V(C4));
+        V(R3) <+ I(R3)*Rph;
+
+		//I(B7) <+ te_ph1*ALPHA/2;
+		//I(C5) <+ ddt(V(C5));
+
+		V(OpowL) <+ CPL*V(Ns,Gnd);
+		V(OpowR) <+ CPR*V(Ns,Gnd);
+		V(OphaseL) <+ 0;
+		V(OphaseR) <+ 0;
+		V(OlamL) <+ V(Vlam);
+		V(OlamR) <+ V(Vlam);
+    end
+
+endmodule
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1.0/laser/dhld.va b/1.0/laser/dhld.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87f85c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/laser/dhld.va
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//VerilogA for laser,dhld,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module dhld(Vin,Vlam,Gnd,OpowL,OphaseL,OlamL,OpowR,OphaseR,OlamR);
+
+	input Vin,Vlam;
+	output OpowL,OphaseL,OlamL,OpowR,OphaseR,OlamR;
+	inout Gnd;
+	electrical Vin,Vlam,Gnd,Nlight,Nv,OpowL,OphaseL,OlamL,OpowR,OphaseR,OlamR;
+
+	parameter real L = 250u from (0:inf);
+	parameter real W = 1u from (0:inf);
+	parameter real D = 0.15u from (0:inf);
+	parameter real An1 = 1.0E8 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real An2 = 1.1E-17 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real An3 = 2.0E-41 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real An4 = 0 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real A = 3.5 from (3:inf);
+	parameter real Ar1 = 4.2E8 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Ar2 = 1.5E-16 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real GAM = 0.3 from (0:1];
+	parameter real G0 = 1.4E-12 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real Ntr = 1.5E24 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real EPS = 1E-25 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real B = 1 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Bsp = 1E-3 from [0:1];
+	parameter real ALFA = 2000 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Rl = 0.3 from [0:1);
+	parameter real Rr = 0.3 from [0:1);
+	parameter real Ne = 7.8E7 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real EIT = 2 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real Nr = 3.5 from (0:inf); 
+	parameter real Vbi = 1.13 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real Csc0 = 10p from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Rs = 5 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Cp = 1p from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Rd = 1E15 from [0:inf);
+
+	real VT=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q;
+	real Vact;
+	real Tph;
+	real QV;
+	real Cph,Rph;
+	real CPL,CPR;
+
+	real N,N0,LMD;
+	real G;
+	real Cd;
+	real Csc;
+	real Rn;
+	real Rra;
+	real aca,acp;
+
+	branch (Nv,Gnd) R2,C1,C2,C3,B1,B2,B3;
+	branch (Gnd,Nlight) B4,B5,R3,C4;
+
+	analog begin
+		LMD=V(Vlam);
+		Vact=L*W*D;
+		Tph=Nr/(`P_C*(GAM*ALFA-ln(Rl*Rr)/2.0/L));
+		QV=`P_Q*Vact;
+		Cph=`P_Q/VT;
+		Rph=VT*Tph/`P_Q;
+		CPL=`P_H*`P_C*`P_C*(Rl-1.0)*ln(Rl*Rr)/(2.0*Nr*VT*L*LMD*(1-Rl+sqrt(Rl/Rr)*(1-Rr)));
+		CPR=`P_H*`P_C*`P_C*(Rr-1.0)*ln(Rl*Rr)/(2.0*Nr*VT*L*LMD*(1-Rr+sqrt(Rr/Rl)*(1-Rl)));		
+		N=Ne*exp(V(Nv,Gnd)/EIT/VT)-1;
+		Cd=QV*Ne*exp(V(Nv,Gnd)/EIT/VT)/(EIT*VT);
+		if (V(Nv,Gnd)<Vbi) begin
+			Csc=Csc0/sqrt(1-V(Nv,Gnd)/Vbi);
+		end
+		else begin
+			Csc=Csc0/sqrt(0.1);
+		end
+		Rn=An1*N+An2*pow(N,2)+An3*pow(N,3)+An4*pow(N,A);
+		Rra=Ar1*N+Ar2*pow(N,2);
+		if (N<Ntr) begin
+			G=0;
+		end
+		else begin
+			G=QV*GAM*G0*(N-Ntr)/pow(1+EPS*abs(V(Gnd,Nlight)),B);
+		end
+
+		V(Vin,Nv) <+ I(Vin,Nv)*Rs;
+
+		V(R2) <+ I(R2)*Rd;
+		I(C1) <+ Cp*ddt(V(C1));
+		I(C2) <+ Cd*ddt(V(C2));
+		I(C3) <+ Csc*ddt(V(C3));
+		I(B1) <+ QV*Rn;
+		I(B2) <+ QV*Rra;
+		I(B3) <+ G*abs(V(Gnd,Nlight))/Vact/VT;
+
+		V(R3) <+ I(R3)*Rph;
+		I(C4) <+ Cph*ddt(V(C4));
+		I(B4) <+ Bsp*QV*Rra;
+		I(B5) <+ G*abs(V(Gnd,Nlight))/Vact/VT;
+
+		V(OpowL,Gnd) <+ CPL*V(Nlight,Gnd);
+		V(OpowR,Gnd) <+ CPR*V(Nlight,Gnd);
+		V(OphaseL) <+ 0;
+		V(OphaseR) <+ 0;
+		V(OlamL) <+ V(Vlam);
+		V(OlamR) <+ V(Vlam);
+	end
+
+endmodule
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1.0/laser/eml.va b/1.0/laser/eml.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3b87f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/laser/eml.va
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+//VerilogA for laser,eml,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_ARRAY 1000
+
+module eml(Vin,Vlam,Vsig1,Vsig2,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Gnd);
+    parameter real L = 300u from [0:inf);
+    parameter real W = 1.5u from [0:inf);
+    parameter real D = 0.2u from [0:inf);
+    parameter real GAM = 0.3 from [0:1);
+    parameter real T = 10n from [0:inf);
+    parameter real BEATsp = 5e-5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter integer ID = 0 from [0:1];
+    parameter real G0 = 25000 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Ntr = 1e24 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real EPS = 6e-23 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real B = 1e-16 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real A = 7.5E-41 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rl = 1e-8 from [0:1);
+    parameter real ALFA0 = 5000 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Q1 = 1.9998 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Q2 = 1.4391E-4 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rat = 1 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Ng = 3.6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real N0 = 6.5e13 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Vbi = 1.13 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real EIT = 2 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 1E-5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cp = 0p from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rd = 1E15 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Csc0 = 0p from [0:inf);
+	parameter real Gam_c = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+	parameter integer tau_L = 6 from [1:inf);
+	parameter integer num_carriler = 2 from [1:inf);
+	parameter integer num_voltage = 6 from [1:inf);
+	//TODO: file for multinomial coefficients
+	parameter string tau_file = "./tau_mat.in";
+	parameter string alpha_file = "./alpha_mat.in";
+	parameter string gamma_file = "./gamma_mat.in";
+	//Use LF!!!
+
+    input Vin,Vlam,Vsig1,Vsig2;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Vin,Vlam,Vsig1,Vsig2,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Gnd;
+    electrical Ns_eam,Nph_eam;
+	electrical Nin1,Ns,Nph;
+
+	real Vcalc;
+	real Gamma=0,Alpha=0;
+	real tau=0;
+	real opow,ophase;
+	integer file_tau,file_alpha,file_gamma;
+	integer i,j;
+	real f=1e-18;
+	real readfile=0;
+	real tau_array[0:`MAX_ARRAY];
+	real alpha_array[0:`MAX_ARRAY];
+	real gamma_array[0:`MAX_ARRAY];
+
+    real VT=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q;
+    real Vact;
+    real Cg;
+    real CPL,Tph,QV,Cph,Rph;
+    real Cd,Csc;
+    real N,G;
+	real opow_laser,ophase_laser;
+	
+	real UL,UW,UD;
+	real UN0,UG0,UNtr,UEPS;
+	real UA,UB,UALFA0,ULAMBDA,ULSPEED,UQ2;
+
+    branch (Gnd,Ns_eam) Cs,Is;
+	branch (Ns_eam,Gnd) It;
+	branch (Gnd,Nph_eam) Cph_eam,Iph;
+
+	branch (Nin1,Gnd) R2,C1,C2,C3,B1,B2,B3,B4;
+    branch (Gnd,Ns) B5,B6,R3,C4;
+	branch (Gnd,Nph) B7,C5;
+
+	analog initial begin
+		UL=L*1e6;
+		UW=W*1e6;
+		UD=D*1e6;
+		UG0=G0*1e-6;
+		UN0=N0*1e-18;
+		UNtr=Ntr*1e-18;
+		UEPS=EPS*1e18;
+		UA=A*1e36;
+		UB=B*1e18;
+		UALFA0=ALFA0*1e-6;
+		ULSPEED=`P_C*1e6;
+		UQ2=Q2*1e6;
+
+        Vact=UL*UW*UD;
+        Cg=ULSPEED/Ng;
+        Tph=Ng/(ULSPEED*(UALFA0+Q1/UQ2));
+        QV=`P_Q*Vact;
+        Cph=QV;
+        Rph=Tph/QV;
+	end
+
+	analog begin
+		ULAMBDA=V(Vlam)*1e6;
+		CPL=`P_H*Cg*Vact*Rat*ULSPEED*(1-Rl)/ULAMBDA/UQ2;
+ 		N=UN0*(exp(V(Nin1,Gnd)/EIT/VT)-1.0);
+
+        if (N<UNtr)
+            G=0;
+        else begin
+            if (ID<1)
+                G=UG0*(N/UNtr-1.0)/(1.0+UEPS*abs(V(Ns,Gnd)));
+            else
+                G=UG0*ln(N/UNtr)/(1.0+UEPS*abs(V(Ns,Gnd)));
+        end
+
+        Cd=QV*UN0*exp(V(Nin1,Gnd)/EIT/VT)/(EIT*VT);
+        if (V(Nin1,Gnd)<Vbi)
+            Csc=Csc0/sqrt(1.0-V(Nin1,Gnd)/Vbi);
+        else
+            Csc=Csc0/sqrt(0.1);
+
+        V(Vin,Nin1) <+ I(Vin,Nin1)*Rs;
+        V(R2) <+ I(R2)*Rd;
+        I(C1) <+ Cp*ddt(V(C1));
+        I(C2) <+ Cd*ddt(V(C2));
+        I(C3) <+ Csc*ddt(V(C3));
+        I(B1) <+ QV*N/T;
+        I(B2) <+ QV*UA*pow(N,3);
+        I(B3) <+ QV*UB*pow(N,2);
+        I(B4) <+ QV*Cg*GAM*G*abs(V(Gnd,Ns));
+
+        I(B5) <+ BEATsp*QV*UB*pow(N,2);
+        I(B6) <+ QV*Cg*GAM*G*abs(V(Gnd,Ns));
+        I(C4) <+ Cph*ddt(V(C4));
+        V(R3) <+ I(R3)*Rph;
+
+		//I(B7) <+ te_ph1*ALPHA/2;
+		//I(C5) <+ ddt(V(C5));
+
+		opow_laser = CPL*V(Ns,Gnd);
+		ophase_laser=0;
+
+		if (readfile==0) begin
+			file_tau=$fopen(tau_file,"r");
+			file_alpha=$fopen(alpha_file,"r");
+			file_gamma=$fopen(gamma_file,"r");
+			if (file_tau==0 || file_alpha==0 || file_gamma==0) begin
+				$display("Error: Could not open file");
+				$finish;
+			end
+			for (i=0;i<tau_L;i=i+1) begin
+				$fscanf(file_tau,"%f",tau_array[i]);
+			end
+			for (i=0;i<num_voltage;i=i+1) begin
+				for (j=0;j<num_carriler;j=j+1) begin
+					$fscanf(file_alpha,"%f",alpha_array[i*num_carriler+j]);
+					$fscanf(file_gamma,"%f",gamma_array[i*num_carriler+j]);
+				end
+			end
+			$fclose(file_tau);
+			$fclose(file_alpha);
+			$fclose(file_gamma);
+			readfile=1;
+		end
+
+		Vcalc=V(Vsig1)-V(Vsig2);
+		tau=0;
+		for (i=0;i<tau_L;i=i+1) begin
+			tau=tau+tau_array[i]*pow(Vcalc,i);
+		end
+		Gamma=0;
+		Alpha=0;
+		for (i=0;i<num_voltage;i=i+1) begin
+			for (j=0;j<num_carriler;j=j+1) begin
+				Gamma=Gamma+gamma_array[i*num_carriler+j]*pow(Vcalc,j)*pow(V(Ns_eam),i); //pow(N,i)*pow(f,i)
+				Alpha=Alpha+alpha_array[i*num_carriler+j]*pow(Vcalc,j)*pow(V(Ns_eam),i); //Caution the unit
+			end
+		end
+		if (Gamma==0)
+			opow=0;
+		else begin
+			opow=pow(sqrt(opow_laser)*exp(-Gamma/2),2);
+		end
+		
+		I(Is) <+ f*V(Vlam)/(`P_H*`P_C)*exp(-Gam_c)*(1-exp(-Gamma+2*Gam_c))*opow_laser;
+		I(It) <+ V(Ns_eam)/tau;
+		I(Cs) <+ ddt(V(Cs));
+
+		I(Iph) <+ Alpha/2*ddt(Gamma);
+		I(Cph_eam) <+ ddt(V(Cph_eam));
+		ophase=V(Nph_eam)+ophase_laser;
+
+		V(Opow) <+ opow;
+		V(Ophase) <+ ophase/(2*`M_PI)*360.0;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Vlam);
+	end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/laser/qwld.va b/1.0/laser/qwld.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc39369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/laser/qwld.va
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//VerilogA for laser,qwld,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module qwld(Vin,Vlam,Gnd,OpowL,OphaseL,OlamL,OpowR,OphaseR,OlamR);
+    input Vin,Vlam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    output OpowL,OphaseL,OlamL,OpowR,OphaseR,OlamR;
+    electrical Vin,Vlam,Gnd,OpowL,OphaseL,OlamL,OpowR,OphaseR,OlamR,Nin1,Nlight;
+
+    parameter real Vw = 6e-18 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vs = 6e-17 from (0:inf);
+    //parameter real Gws = 0.1;
+    //parameter real Alpha_w = 9.6e-37;
+    //parameter real Alpha_s = 9.12e-36;
+    parameter real tau_s = 6p from (0:inf);
+    parameter real tau_e = 200p from (0:inf);
+    parameter real tau_n = 0.125n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real tau_p = 1p from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Gamma = 0.4 from (0:1];
+    parameter real xi = 1.5e-23 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real beta = 1e-4 from [0:1];
+    parameter real g0 = 7.2e-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nom = 1e24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real eta = 2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cn = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rl = 0.3 from [0:1];
+    parameter real Rr = 0.3 from [0:1];
+    parameter real Nr = 3.5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real L = 500u from (0:inf);
+
+    real Gws=Vw/Vs;
+	real VT=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q;
+    //real Gws=Alpha_w/Alpha_s;
+    real Alpha_w=`P_Q*Vw;
+    real Alpha_s=`P_Q*Vs;
+    real Rsch;
+    real Csch;
+    real Cch;
+    real Rch;
+    real Nw,G;
+    real CPL,CPR;
+    real TEMPR=$temperature;
+
+    branch (Vin,Gnd) RRsch,CCsch;
+    branch (Gnd,Vin) G1;
+    branch (Nin1,Gnd) Gn,Ga,RRgnd;
+    branch (Gnd,Nin1) Gs;
+    branch (Nin1,Nlight) Gst;
+    branch (Gnd,Nlight) Gb;
+    branch (Nlight,Gnd) RRch,CCch;
+
+    real UAlpha_w,UNom,Ug0,Uxi;
+
+    analog begin
+        UAlpha_w=Alpha_w*1e18;
+        UNom=Nom*1e-18;
+        Ug0=g0*1e18;
+        Uxi=xi*1e18;
+
+        Rsch=`P_Q*Gws*tau_s/UAlpha_w/Cn;
+        Csch=UAlpha_w*Cn/`P_Q/Gws;
+        Cch=UAlpha_w;
+        Rch=tau_p/UAlpha_w;
+
+        Nw=UNom*exp(`P_Q*V(Nin1,Gnd)/(eta*`P_K*TEMPR));
+        G=Ug0*(Nw-UNom)/(sqrt(Nw/pow(10,24-18))+sqrt(UNom/pow(10,24-18)));
+
+        CPL=`P_H*`P_C*`P_C*(Rl-1.0)*ln(Rl*Rr)/(2.0*Nr*L*V(Vlam)*(1-Rl+sqrt(Rl/Rr)*(1-Rr)))*(Vs+Vw)*1e18;
+        CPR=`P_H*`P_C*`P_C*(Rr-1.0)*ln(Rl*Rr)/(2.0*Nr*L*V(Vlam)*(1-Rr+sqrt(Rr/Rl)*(1-Rl)))*(Vs+Vw)*1e18;
+
+
+        V(RRsch) <+ Rsch*I(RRsch);
+        I(CCsch) <+ Csch*ddt(V(CCsch));
+        I(G1) <+ tau_n/tau_e*UAlpha_w*Nw/tau_n;
+
+        I(Gs) <+ V(Vin,Gnd)/Rsch-tau_n/tau_e*UAlpha_w*Nw/tau_n;
+        I(Gn) <+ UAlpha_w*Nw/tau_n;
+        I(Ga) <+ tau_n*ddt(UAlpha_w*Nw/tau_n);
+        V(RRgnd) <+ 1T*I(RRgnd);
+
+        I(Gst) <+ Gamma*UAlpha_w*G*abs(V(Nlight,Gnd))/(1+Uxi*abs(V(Nlight,Gnd)));
+
+        I(Gb) <+ beta*UAlpha_w*Nw/tau_n;
+        V(RRch) <+ I(RRch)*Rch;
+        I(CCch) <+ Cch*ddt(V(CCch));
+
+        V(OpowL,Gnd) <+ CPL*V(Nlight,Gnd);
+        V(OpowR,Gnd) <+ CPR*V(Nlight,Gnd);
+        V(OphaseL) <+ 0;
+        V(OphaseR) <+ 0;
+        V(OlamL) <+ V(Vlam);
+        V(OlamR) <+ V(Vlam);
+    end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/laser/vcsel.va b/1.0/laser/vcsel.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3195021
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/laser/vcsel.va
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+//VerilogA for laser,vcsel,veriloga
+// DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2021.3064465
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "./disciplines.vams"
+
+module vcsel(Vin,Vlam,Gnd,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Tout);
+    parameter real Egart = 1.53 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dEga = -1.63e-3 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real meA = 0.0622 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real mhhA = 0.346 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real tcap = 7.0e-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real etaA = 1.6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real etaesc = 2.0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real A0A = 7.4e5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Art = 0.45e9 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real dA = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2A = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real Brt = 3.0e-16 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real dB = -1.19e-18 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2B = 5.74e-21 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real Crt = -7.9e-42 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real dC = 8.2e-44 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2C = -5.4e-46 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    parameter real Egbrt = 1.89 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dEgb = -4.5e-4 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real meB = 0.0977 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real mhhB = 0.596 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real etainj = 0.8 from [0:1];
+    parameter real tspb = 5.0e-9 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real etaB = 1.0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real etaleak = 2.0 from [0:inf];
+    parameter real A0B = 7.4e5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Egcrt = 2.31 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dEgc = 4.94e-4 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    parameter real a0rt = 7.54e5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real da0 = 8.22e2 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2a0 = 2.66 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real a1d = -1.4e13 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real a1u = -1.34e13 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real a2d = 1.57e20 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real a2u = 2.03e21 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real N0rt = 2.76e24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dN0 = 9.22e21 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real Ns = -1.5e21 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real eps = 5.0e-24 from (0:1];
+    parameter real lamgrt = 857.0e-9 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dlamg = 0.314e-9 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real dlamgdna = -3.26e-33 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2lamgdna = -5.44e-60 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    // parameter real lamrt = 847.3e-9;
+    parameter real dlam = 0.064e-9 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real vg = 1e8 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real gam = 3.28e-2 from (0:1];
+    parameter real beta = 4.68e-2 from (0:1];
+    parameter real alabsrt = 6.19e10 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dalabs = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2alabs = 7e6 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real albmrt = 1.35e10 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dalbm = -1.5e8 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real altmrt = 1.91e11 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real daltm = -7e8 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    parameter real tth = 1e-7 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real rthrt = 2.8e3 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real drth = 2.5 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    parameter real nqw = 5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dqw = 4e-9 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real dsch = 74e-9 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Aape = 38.5e-12 from (0:inf);
+
+    parameter real Lb = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rb = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Lp1 = 76.0e-12 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rp1 = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Lp2 = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rp2 = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cp = 50.0e-15 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rp3 = 150.0e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real rmrt = 170 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real drm = -0.96 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d2rm = 1.38e-2 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real d3rm = -1.11e-4 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real etaRm1 = 0.285 from [0:1];
+    parameter real etaRm2 = 0.125 from [0:1];
+    parameter real etaRm3 = 0.590 from [0:1];
+    parameter real Cm1 = 2.02e-15 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cm2 = 19.5e-15 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cm3 = 88.6e-15 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cdep = 50.0e-15 from [0:inf);
+
+    input Vin,Vlam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam,Tout;
+    inout Gnd;
+    thermal Tout;
+    electrical Vin,Vlam,Gnd,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Nscha,Nschb,Nph,NTem,NTru;
+    electrical NLb,NLbp,NLp1,NLp,NLp2,NLp3,NLpm,NLm12,NLm23,NLsch;
+
+    //cir1
+    branch(Vin,NLb)     LLb;
+    branch(NLb,NLbp)    RRb;
+    branch(NLbp,NLp1)   LLp1;
+    branch(NLp1,NLp)    RRp1;
+    branch(NLp,NLp3)    CCp;
+    branch(NLp3,Gnd)    RRp3;
+    branch(NLp,NLp2)    LLp2;
+    branch(NLp2,NLpm)   RRp2;
+    branch(NLpm,NLm12)  CCm1,RRm1;
+    branch(NLm12,NLm23) CCm2,RRm2;
+    branch(NLm23,NLsch) CCm3,RRm3;
+    branch(NLsch,Gnd)   CCdep,BUsch;
+
+    //cir2
+    branch(Gnd,Nschb)   BIinj,BIescb;
+    branch(Nschb,Gnd)   BIspb,BIcapb,BIleak,CCb;
+
+    //cir3
+    branch(Gnd,Nscha)   BIcapa;
+    branch(Nscha,Gnd)   BIspa1,BIspa2,BIspa3,BIesca,BIsta,CCa;
+
+    //cir4
+    branch(Gnd,Nph)     BIsts,BIsp;
+    branch(Nph,Gnd)     BIabs,BIbm,BItm,CCs;
+
+    //cir5
+    branch(Gnd,NTem)    BIgen,CCt;
+    branch(NTem,NTru)   RRth;
+    branch(NTru,Gnd)    BUamb;
+
+    real fa = 1;
+    real fb = 1;
+    real fs = 1;
+    real ft = 1;
+
+    real cop = 1;
+    real midn;
+
+    real k  = `P_K;
+    real kev = 8.6173357e-5;
+    real q  = `P_Q;
+    real h  = `P_H;
+    real hev = 4.135667e-15;
+    real pi = `M_PI;
+    real m0 = 9.109e-31;
+
+    real Tamb = $temperature;
+    real Trt = 273.15+25;
+    real na,nb,S,Tem;
+    real rm,Ega,Egb,Egc,A,B,C,a0,N0,lam,lamg,alabs,albm,altm,rth,a1,a2;
+    real Va,Vb;
+    real Nc,Nv,Efa,Efb;
+    real Usch,g,ggen,Rm1,Rm2,Rm3;
+    real Isch,Iinj,Iesc,Ileak,Ist,Isp;
+    real Cb,Ca,Cs,Ct,RthR;
+    real Popt;
+    real Rspb,Rcap,Rabs,Rbm,Rtm,Rspa1,Ispa2,Ispa3;
+
+    real Zdqw = dqw * cop;//1
+    real Zdsch = dsch * cop;//1
+    real ZA0B = A0B * pow(cop,-2);//-2
+    real ZA0A = A0A * pow(cop,-2);//-2
+    real ZBrt = Brt * pow(cop,3);//3
+    real ZdB = dB * pow(cop,3);//3
+    real Zd2B = d2B * pow(cop,3);//3
+    real ZCrt = Crt * pow(cop,6);//6
+    real ZdC = dC * pow(cop,6);//6
+    real Zd2C = d2C * pow(cop,6);//6
+    real Za0rt = a0rt * pow(cop,-1);//-1
+    real Zda0 = da0 * pow(cop,-1);//-1
+    real Zd2a0 = d2a0 * pow(cop,-1);//-1
+    real Za1,Za2;//-2,-3
+    real ZN0rt = N0rt * pow(cop,-3);//-3
+    real ZdN0 = dN0 * pow(cop,-3);//-3
+    real ZNs = Ns * pow(cop,-3);//-3
+    real Zeps = eps * pow(cop,3);//3
+    real Zlamgrt = lamgrt * cop;//1
+    real Zdlamg = dlamg * cop;//1
+    real Zdlamgdna = dlamgdna * pow(cop,4);//4
+    real Zd2lamgdna = d2lamgdna * pow(cop,7);//7
+    real Zlamrt;// = lamrt * cop;//1
+    real Zdlam = dlam * cop;//1
+    real Zvg = vg * cop;//1
+    real Zm0 = m0 * pow(cop,-2);//-2
+    real ZVa,ZVb;//3
+    real ZPc = `P_C * cop;//1
+
+    real Mefa11,Mefa12,Mefa13,Mefa21,Mefa22,Mefa23;
+    real Mefb11,Mefb12,Mefb13,Mefb14,Mefb15,Mefb16,Mefb17,Mefb18,Mefb1,Mefb21,Mefb22,Mefb23,Mefb24,Mefb25,Mefb26,Mefb27,Mefb28,Mefb2;
+    real Mg1,Mg2,Mg3,Mg4,Mg5,Mg6;
+    real Mesc1,Mesc2,Mesc3;
+    real Mleak1,Mleak2,Mleak3;
+
+    analog initial begin
+        Va = dqw * nqw * Aape; //(6)
+        Vb = dsch * Aape; //(7)
+
+        ZVa = Va * pow(cop,3);//3
+        ZVb = Vb * pow(cop,3);//3
+
+        Rspb = fb / q * tspb; //(11)
+        Rcap = fb / q * tcap; //(12)
+        Ca = q / fa; //(25)
+        Cb = q / fb; //(26)
+
+        midn = 2 * pi * Zm0 * k / pow(h,2);
+        Tem=Tamb;
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        Zlamrt = V(Vlam) * cop;//1
+
+        na  = abs(V(Nscha)) / fa;
+        nb  = abs(V(Nschb)) / fb;
+        S   = abs(V(Nph)) / fs;
+        Tem = abs(V(NTem)) / ft;
+
+        rm = rmrt + drm * (Tem - Trt) + 0.5 * d2rm * pow((Tem - Trt),2) + 1.0 / 6.0 * d3rm * pow((Tem - Trt),3); //(47)
+        Ega = (Egart + dEga * (Tem - Trt)); //(48)
+        Egb = (Egbrt + dEgb * (Tem - Trt)); //(49)
+        Egc = (Egcrt + dEgc * (Tem - Trt)); //(50)
+        A = Art + dA * (Tem - Trt); //(51)
+        B = ZBrt + ZdB * (Tem - Trt) + 0.5 * Zd2B * pow((Tem - Trt),2); //(52)
+        C = ZCrt + ZdC * (Tem - Trt) + 0.5 * Zd2C * pow((Tem - Trt),2); //(53)
+        a0 = Za0rt + Zda0 * (Tem - Trt) + 0.5 * Zd2a0 * pow((Tem - Trt),2); //(54)
+        N0 = ZN0rt + ZdN0 * (Tem - Trt); //(55)
+        lam = Zlamrt + Zdlam * (Tem - Trt); //(56)
+        lamg = Zlamgrt + Zdlamg * (Tem - Trt) + Zdlamgdna * (na / ZVa) + 0.5 * Zd2lamgdna * pow((na / ZVa),2); //(57)
+        alabs = alabsrt + dalabs * (Tem - Trt) + 0.5 * d2alabs * pow((Tem - Trt),2); //(58)
+        albm = albmrt + dalbm * (Tem - Trt); //(59)
+        altm = altmrt + daltm * (Tem - Trt); //(60)
+        rth = rthrt + drth * (Tem - Trt); //(61)
+        if (lam > lamg) begin
+            a1 = a1u;
+            a2 = a2u;
+        end
+        else begin
+            a1 = a1d;
+            a2 = a2d;
+        end
+
+        Za1 = a1 * pow(cop,-2);//-2
+        Za2 = a2 * pow(cop,-3);//-3
+
+        Nc = 2.0 * abs(midn * meB * Tem)**(3.0/2.0); //(4)
+        Nv = 2.0 * abs(midn * mhhB * Tem )**(3.0/2.0); //(5)
+
+        Mefa11 = Zdqw * na / ZVa;
+        Mefa12 = 2.0 * midn * Tem * meA;
+        Mefa13 = kev * Tem * ln(limexp(Mefa11 / Mefa12) - 1.0);
+        Mefa21 = Zdqw * na / ZVa;
+        Mefa22 = 2.0 * midn * Tem * mhhA;
+        Mefa23 = kev * Tem * ln(limexp(Mefa21 / Mefa22) - 1.0);
+        Efa = Ega + etaA * (Mefa13 + Mefa23); //(2)
+
+        Mefb11 = nb / ZVb / Nc;
+        Mefb12 = 1.0 - pow(Mefb11,2);
+        Mefb13 = ln(Mefb11) / Mefb12;
+        Mefb14 = 3.0 * sqrt(pi) * nb / ZVb / 4.0 / Nc;
+        Mefb15 = Mefb14**(2.0/3.0);
+        Mefb16 = 0.24 + 1.08 * Mefb15;
+        Mefb17 = 1.0 + pow(Mefb16,-2);
+        Mefb18 = Mefb15 / Mefb17;
+        Mefb1 = Mefb13 + Mefb18;
+        Mefb21 = nb / ZVb / Nv;
+        Mefb22 = 1.0 - pow(Mefb21,2);
+        Mefb23 = ln(Mefb21) / Mefb22;
+        Mefb24 = 3.0 * sqrt(pi) * nb / ZVb / 4.0 / Nv;
+        Mefb25 = Mefb24**(2.0/3.0);
+        Mefb26 = 0.24 + 1.08 * Mefb25;
+        Mefb27 = 1.0 + pow(Mefb26,-2);
+        Mefb28 = Mefb25 / Mefb27;
+        Mefb2 = Mefb23 + Mefb28;
+        Efb = Egb + etaB * kev * Tem * (Mefb1 + Mefb2); //(3)
+
+        Mg1 = (na / ZVa + ZNs)/(N0 + ZNs);
+        Mg2 = a0 * ln(Mg1);
+        Mg3 = Za1 * (lam - lamg);
+        Mg4 = Za2 * pow((lam - lamg),2);
+        Mg5 = 1.0 + Zeps * S * gam / ZVa;
+        Mg6 = Mg2 - Mg3 - Mg4;
+        g = Mg6 / Mg5; //(17)
+        if (g < 0) begin
+            g = 0;
+        end
+        // etas = hev * ZPc / lam; //(39)
+        Popt = hev * ZPc / lam * I(BItm); //(32)
+        ggen = V(Vin,Gnd) * I(LLb) - Popt; //(41)
+        Rm1 = rm * etaRm1;
+        Rm2 = rm * etaRm2;
+        Rm3 = rm * etaRm3;
+        RthR = rth * ft; //(45)
+        Cs = q / fs; //(38)
+        Ct = tth / rth / ft; //(44)
+        Iinj = etainj * Isch; //(10)
+
+        Mesc1 = ZA0A * ZVa * pow(Tem,2) / (Zdqw * nqw);
+        Mesc2 = limexp(-Egb / (etaesc * kev * Tem));
+        Mesc3 = limexp(Efa / (etaesc * kev * Tem));
+        Iesc = Mesc1 * Mesc2 * (Mesc3 - 1); //(13)
+        Mleak1 = ZA0B * ZVb * pow(Tem,2) / Zdsch;
+        Mleak2 = limexp(-Egc / (etaleak * kev * Tem));
+        Mleak3 = limexp(Efb / (etaleak * kev * Tem));
+        Ileak = Mleak1 * Mleak2 * (Mleak3 - 1); //(14)
+        Rspa1 = fa / (q * A); //(15)
+        Ispa2 = B * pow(na,2) / ZVa * q; //(15)
+        Ispa3 = C * pow(na,3) / pow(ZVa,2) * q; //(15)
+        Ist = gam * Zvg * g * S * q; //(16)
+
+        Isp = q * beta * B * pow(na,2) / ZVa; //(28)
+        Rabs = fs / (q * alabs); //(29)
+        Rbm = fs / (q * albm); //(30)
+        Rtm = fs / (q * altm); //(31)
+
+        Isch = I(BUsch);
+        Usch = (na * Efa + nb * Efb)/((na + nb)); //(1)
+
+        //cir1
+        V(LLb)    <+ Lb   * ddt(I(LLb));
+        V(RRb)    <+ Rb   * I(RRb);
+        V(LLp1)   <+ Lp1  * ddt(I(LLp1));
+        V(RRp1)   <+ Rp1  * I(RRp1);
+        I(CCp)    <+ Cp   * ddt(V(CCp));
+        V(RRp3)   <+ Rp3  * I(RRp3);
+        V(LLp2)   <+ Lp2  * ddt(I(LLp2));
+        V(RRp2)   <+ Rp2  * I(RRp2);
+        I(CCm1)   <+ Cm1  * ddt(V(CCm1));
+        V(RRm1)   <+ Rm1  * I(RRm1);
+        I(CCm2)   <+ Cm2  * ddt(V(CCm2));
+        V(RRm2)   <+ Rm2  * I(RRm2);
+        I(CCm3)   <+ Cm3  * ddt(V(CCm3));
+        V(RRm3)   <+ Rm3  * I(RRm3);
+        I(CCdep)  <+ Cdep * ddt(V(CCdep));
+        V(BUsch)  <+ Usch;
+
+        //cir2
+        I(BIinj)  <+ Iinj; //(18)
+        I(BIescb) <+ Iesc; //(21)
+        V(BIspb)  <+ Rspb * I(BIspb); //(19)
+        V(BIcapb) <+ Rcap * I(BIcapb); //(20)
+        I(BIleak) <+ Ileak; //(22)
+        I(CCb)    <+ Cb * ddt(V(CCb));
+
+        //cir3
+        I(BIcapa) <+ I(BIcapb); //(20)
+        I(CCa)    <+ Ca * ddt(V(CCa));
+        V(BIspa1) <+ Rspa1 * I(BIspa1); //(23)
+        I(BIspa2) <+ Ispa2; //(23)
+        I(BIspa3) <+ Ispa3; //(23)
+        I(BIesca) <+ Iesc; //(21)
+        I(BIsta)  <+ Ist; //(24)
+
+        //cir4
+        I(BIsts)  <+ Ist; //(33)
+        I(BIsp)   <+ Isp; //(34)
+        I(CCs)    <+ Cs   * ddt(V(CCs));
+        V(BIabs)  <+ Rabs * I(BIabs); //(35)
+        V(BIbm)   <+ Rbm  * I(BIbm);//(36)
+        V(BItm)   <+ Rtm  * I(BItm); //(37)
+
+        //cir5
+        I(BIgen)  <+ ggen; //(43)
+        I(CCt)    <+ Ct * ddt(V(CCt));
+        V(RRth)   <+ RthR * I(RRth);
+        V(BUamb)  <+ Tamb * ft; //(46)
+
+        //Light output
+        V(Opow)   <+ Popt;
+        V(Ophase) <+ 0;
+        V(Olam)   <+ lam / cop;
+
+        //Temperature output
+        Temp(Tout)   <+ Tem - 273.15;
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/lightsource/cw_maginput.va b/1.0/lightsource/cw_maginput.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9347530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/lightsource/cw_maginput.va
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//VerilogA for lightsource,cw_maginput,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module cw_maginput(Vmag,Vphase,Vlam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real GainCoeff = 1 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real PhaseCoeff = 0 from (-360:360);
+	
+	input Vmag,Vphase,Vlam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Vmag,Vphase,Vlam,Pout,Opow,Ophase,Olam; 
+
+	analog begin
+		V(Opow) <+ pow(V(Vmag)*GainCoeff,2);
+		V(Ophase) <+ PhaseCoeff+V(Vphase);
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Vlam);
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/lightsource/cw_powinput.va b/1.0/lightsource/cw_powinput.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52dca98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/lightsource/cw_powinput.va
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//VerilogA for lightsource,cw_powinput,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module cw_powinput(Vpow,Vphase,Vlam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real GainCoeff = 1 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real PhaseCoeff = 0 from (-360:360);
+	
+	input Vpow,Vphase,Vlam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Vpow,Vphase,Vlam,Pout,Opow,Ophase,Olam; 
+
+	analog begin
+		V(Opow) <+ GainCoeff*V(Vpow);
+		V(Ophase) <+ PhaseCoeff+V(Vphase);
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Vlam);
+	end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/lightsource/cw_realimageinput.va b/1.0/lightsource/cw_realimageinput.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40f9ff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/lightsource/cw_realimageinput.va
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//VerilogA for lightsource,cw_realimageinput,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module cw_realimageinput(Vreal,Vimag,Vlam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real GainCoeff = 1 from [0:inf);
+	parameter real PhaseCoeff = 0 from (-360:360);
+	
+	input Vreal,Vimag,Vlam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Vreal,Vimag,Vlam,Pout,Opow,Ophase,Olam; 
+	real mag,phase;
+
+	analog begin
+		mag=sqrt(pow(V(Vreal),2)+pow(V(Vimag),2));
+		phase=acos(V(Vreal)/mag);
+		V(Opow) <+ pow(mag*GainCoeff,2);
+		V(Ophase) <+ (PhaseCoeff+phase)/(2*`M_PI)*360.0;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Vlam);
+	end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/lightsource/led.va b/1.0/lightsource/led.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f02f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/lightsource/led.va
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//VerilogA for lightsource,led,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module led(Vcurr,Vlam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	input Vcurr,Vlam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Vcurr,Vlam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+	parameter real eta = 1 from (-inf:inf);
+
+	analog begin
+		V(Opow) <+ eta*`P_H*`P_C/V(Vlam)*I(Vcurr)/`P_Q;
+		V(Ophase) <+ 0;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Vlam);
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/basicea.va b/1.0/modulator/basicea.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfe30cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/basicea.va
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,basicea,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_ARRAY 1000
+
+module basicea(V1,V2,Gnd,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real Gam_c = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+	parameter integer tau_L = 6 from [1:inf);
+	parameter integer num_carriler = 2 from [1:inf);
+	parameter integer num_voltage = 6 from [1:inf);
+	//TODO: file for multinomial coefficients
+	parameter string tau_file = "./tau_mat.in";
+	parameter string alpha_file = "./alpha_mat.in";
+	parameter string gamma_file = "./gamma_mat.in";
+	//Use LF!!!
+
+	input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	inout V1,V2,Gnd;
+	electrical V1,V2,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Gnd,Nph,Ns;
+	
+	real Vcalc;
+	real Gamma=0,Alpha=0;
+	real tau=0;
+	real opow,ophase;
+	integer file_tau,file_alpha,file_gamma;
+	integer i,j;
+	real f=1e-18;
+	real readfile=0;
+	real tau_array[0:`MAX_ARRAY];
+	real alpha_array[0:`MAX_ARRAY];
+	real gamma_array[0:`MAX_ARRAY];
+
+	branch (Gnd,Ns) Cs,Is;
+	branch (Ns,Gnd) It;
+	branch (Gnd,Nph) Cph,Iph;
+
+	analog begin
+		if (readfile==0) begin
+			file_tau=$fopen(tau_file,"r");
+			file_alpha=$fopen(alpha_file,"r");
+			file_gamma=$fopen(gamma_file,"r");
+			if (file_tau==0 || file_alpha==0 || file_gamma==0) begin
+				$display("Error: Could not open file");
+				$finish;
+			end
+			for (i=0;i<tau_L;i=i+1) begin
+				$fscanf(file_tau,"%f",tau_array[i]);
+			end
+			for (i=0;i<num_voltage;i=i+1) begin
+				for (j=0;j<num_carriler;j=j+1) begin
+					$fscanf(file_alpha,"%f",alpha_array[i*num_carriler+j]);
+					$fscanf(file_gamma,"%f",gamma_array[i*num_carriler+j]);
+				end
+			end
+			$fclose(file_tau);
+			$fclose(file_alpha);
+			$fclose(file_gamma);
+			readfile=1;
+		end
+
+		Vcalc=V(V1)-V(V2);
+		tau=0;
+		for (i=0;i<tau_L;i=i+1) begin
+			tau=tau+tau_array[i]*pow(Vcalc,i);
+		end
+		Gamma=0;
+		Alpha=0;
+		for (i=0;i<num_voltage;i=i+1) begin
+			for (j=0;j<num_carriler;j=j+1) begin
+				Gamma=Gamma+gamma_array[i*num_carriler+j]*pow(Vcalc,j)*pow(V(Ns),i); //pow(N,i)*pow(f,i)
+				Alpha=Alpha+alpha_array[i*num_carriler+j]*pow(Vcalc,j)*pow(V(Ns),i); //Caution the unit
+			end
+		end
+		if (Gamma==0)
+			opow=0;
+		else begin
+			opow=pow(sqrt(V(Ipow))*exp(-Gamma/2),2);
+		end
+		
+		I(Is) <+ f*V(Ilam)/(`P_H*`P_C)*exp(-Gam_c)*(1-exp(-Gamma+2*Gam_c))*V(Ipow);
+		I(It) <+ V(Ns)/tau;
+		I(Cs) <+ ddt(V(Cs));
+
+		I(Iph) <+ Alpha/2*ddt(Gamma);
+		I(Cph) <+ ddt(V(Cph));
+		ophase=V(Nph)+V(Iphase)*(2*`M_PI)/360.0;
+
+		V(Opow) <+ opow;
+		V(Ophase) <+ ophase/(2*`M_PI)*360.0;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+	end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/basicmz.va b/1.0/modulator/basicmz.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f490f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/basicmz.va
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,basicmz,veriloga
+//With no S21 - S21 is ideal
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module basicmz(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vrfu,Vrfl,Vdcu,Vdcl,Gnd);
+    parameter real VpiDC = 5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real VpiRF = 5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real insloss = 6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real extratio = 35 from [0:inf);
+    parameter integer lowarmphase = -1 from [-1:1] exclude 0;
+    parameter real dVdcdT = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real dVrfdT = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real reftem = 25 from (-273.15:inf);
+    // parameter real eleclenupper = 40.0e-3 from (0:inf);
+    // parameter real indexmisupper = 0.05;
+    // parameter real mwavelossupper = 0.005 from [0:inf);
+    // parameter real eleclenlower = 40.0e-3 from (0:inf);
+    // parameter real indexmislower = 0.05;
+    // parameter real mwavelosslower = 0.005 from [0:inf);
+    // parameter real digfilterorder = 1024 from [8:4096];
+    parameter integer directmod = 0 from [0:1];
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vrfu,Vrfl,Vdcu,Vdcl;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vrfu,Vrfl,Vdcu,Vdcl,Gnd;
+
+    branch (Vrfu,Gnd) Rrfu;
+    branch (Vrfl,Gnd) Rrfl;
+    branch (Vdcu,Gnd) Rdcu;
+    branch (Vdcl,Gnd) Rdcl;
+
+    real top=$temperature;
+    real tref=273.15+reftem;
+    real phiu,phil,yspu,yspl,eps;
+    real Mpu1,Mpu2,Mpl1,Mpl2;
+    real reu,imu,rel,iml,reh,imh,eh,phih,h;
+
+    real Rint = 50;
+
+    analog begin
+        if (directmod == 1) begin
+            yspu=(1+1/sqrt(pow(10,extratio/10)))/2*sqrt(2);
+            yspl=(1-yspu)*sqrt(2);
+        end
+        else begin
+            if (extratio<6.1) begin
+                $display("Error: extratio must be greater than 6.1");
+                $finish;
+            end
+            eps = 1.0/sqrt(pow(10,extratio/10.0));
+            yspu = sqrt(0.5+eps);
+            yspl = sqrt(0.5-eps);
+        end
+        Mpu1 = `M_PI*V(Vrfu)/(VpiRF+(top-tref)*dVrfdT);
+        Mpu2 = `M_PI*V(Vdcu)/(VpiDC+(top-tref)*dVdcdT);
+        Mpl1 = `M_PI*V(Vrfl)/(VpiRF+(top-tref)*dVrfdT);
+        Mpl2 = `M_PI*V(Vdcl)/(VpiDC+(top-tref)*dVdcdT);
+        phiu = (Mpu1+Mpu2);
+        phil = lowarmphase*(Mpl1+Mpl2);
+        reu = yspu*cos(phiu);
+        imu = yspu*sin(phiu);
+        rel = yspl*cos(phil);
+        iml = yspl*sin(phil);
+        reh = reu+rel;
+        imh = imu+iml;
+        eh = sqrt(reh*reh+imh*imh);
+        phih = acos(reh/eh);
+        h = 1.0/sqrt(2)*eh/pow(10,insloss/10.0);
+
+        I(Rrfu) <+ V(Vrfu)/Rint;
+        I(Rrfl) <+ V(Vrfl)/Rint;
+        I(Rdcu) <+ V(Vdcu)/Rint;
+        I(Rdcl) <+ V(Vdcl)/Rint;
+
+        V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow)*h*h;
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase)+phih*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/idealam.va b/1.0/modulator/idealam.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40ba080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/idealam.va
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,idealam,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealam(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata);
+    parameter real  m = 1 from [0:1];
+
+    input Ipow, Iphase, Ilam, Vdata;
+    output Opow, Ophase, Olam;
+    electrical Ipow, Iphase, Ilam, Vdata, Opow, Ophase, Olam;
+
+    analog begin
+        V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow)*(1-m+m*V(Vdata));
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/idealea.va b/1.0/modulator/idealea.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..703f9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/idealea.va
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,idealea,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealea(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata);
+    parameter real modu = 0.9 from [0:1);
+    parameter real chir = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vdata;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata;
+
+    real dt;
+    analog begin
+        dt = (1-modu)+modu*V(Vdata);
+        V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow)*dt;
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase)+chir/2.0*ln(dt)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/idealfm.va b/1.0/modulator/idealfm.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b9300d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/idealfm.va
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,idealfm,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealfm(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata);
+    parameter real df = 10e9 from (-inf:inf);
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vdata;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata;
+
+    real f,dlam;
+
+    analog begin
+        f = (V(Vdata)-0.5)*df;
+        dlam = `P_C/f;
+        V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow);
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam) + dlam;
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/idealmz.va b/1.0/modulator/idealmz.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ff6ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/idealmz.va
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,idealmz,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealmz(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata);
+    parameter real ext = 30 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real sym = -1 from [-1:1);
+    parameter integer Chirp = 1 from [-1:1] exclude 0;
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vdata;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata;
+
+    real fext,dph;
+    analog begin
+        fext = 1.0 - 4.0 / `M_PI * atan(1.0 / sqrt(pow(10, ext / 10.0)));
+        dph = `M_PI / 2.0 * (0.5 - fext * (V(Vdata) - 0.5));
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase) + Chirp * dph * (1 + sym)/(1 - sym) * 360.0 / (2 * `M_PI);
+        V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow) * pow(cos(dph),2);
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/idealpm.va b/1.0/modulator/idealpm.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61a1190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/idealpm.va
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,idealpm,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealpm(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata);
+    parameter real dph = 180 from (-inf:inf);
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vdata;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vdata;
+
+    analog begin
+        V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow);
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase) + dph * V(Vdata) * 360 / (2 * `M_PI);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+
+endmodule
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1.0/modulator/neffmz.va b/1.0/modulator/neffmz.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4a1cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/modulator/neffmz.va
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+//VerilogA for modulator,neffmz,veriloga
+//Xuanqi Chen, Zhifei Wang, Yi-Shing Chang, Jiang Xu, Jun Feng, Peng Yang, Zhehui Wang, Luan H. K. Duong, ”Modeling and Analysis of Optical Modulators Based on Free-Carrier Plasma Dispersion Effect,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 977-990, May 2020.
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_MODES 200
+`define MAX_ITER 10000
+`define IDX_NUM 10000
+`define TOLERANCE 0.0000000001
+`define MAX_TABLE_SIZE 300000
+
+module neffmz(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vbias,Gnd);
+    parameter real design_lam = 1.55e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_ps = 3.45 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_sub = 1.45 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real width_MMI = 3e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real width_port = 0.45e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real port_offset = 0.75e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real thickness = 0.22e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_mmi = 80 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_ps = 0.1e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_arm = 40e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_phaseshift_ref = 80 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_waveguide = 80 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_absorp = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_wd = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real rib_width = 0.4e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real pn_offset = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real ni = 1e16 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real N_A = 5e23 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real N_D = 1e24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Lp = 2e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Ln = 1e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real epsr_Si = 11.7 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Is = 1e-14 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real IBV = 1000u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real BV = 40 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real V0 = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cj0 = 1.5p from (0:inf);
+    parameter real tau = 0.5n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 55 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real emi = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vt = 0.0259 from (0:inf);
+    parameter string neff_ps_filename = "../../../data/EIM/outputPN1.54-1.56-500.txt";
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vbias;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vbias,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Nint,Gnd;
+
+    branch (Gnd,Nint) Iint;
+    branch (Nint,Gnd) CCj,CCd,Idd,RRs;
+
+    real ulam, ulam0, uwidth_in, uwidth_MMI, uoffset, uthickness, alpha0;
+    real k1_ref, kc_ref;
+    integer mode_num, mode_num_ref;
+    real beta_x_MMI, beta_in, beta_x_in;
+    real neff_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real beta_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real length_MMI;
+    real ky_in, gamma_in;
+    real ky_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real gamma_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real c0;
+    real c0_dis[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real icoff[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real delta_beta;
+    real ocoff_r[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real ocoff_i[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real c1r, c1i, c2r, c2i;
+    real inr, ini, out1r, out1i, out2r, out2i;
+    real sum_outfield1, sum_outfield2, sum_outfield3, sum_outfield4;
+    real sum_singlemode1,sum_singlemode2,sum_singlemode3,sum_singlemode4;
+    real border;
+    integer i, j;
+    real p0=1;
+    real h;
+
+    real beta_ps;
+    real k_ps_r,k_ps_i;
+    real p_ps_r,p_ps_i,p_wg_r,p_wg_i;
+    real E_in1_r,E_in1_i,E_in2_r,E_in2_i;
+    real E_out1_r,E_out1_i,E_out2_r,E_out2_i;
+    real alpha_phaseshift;
+    real W,Wdp,Wdn;
+    real eps,phi_bi,phi;
+    real N_avr;
+    real gd,Id,Cj,Cd;
+    real pn00,np00;
+    real lam;
+    real neff_phaseshift_ref,neff_phaseshift;
+
+    real cp_tr11_r,cp_tr11_i,cp_tr12_r,cp_tr12_i,cp_tr21_r,cp_tr21_i,cp_tr22_r,cp_tr22_i;
+    real ar_tr11_r,ar_tr11_i,ar_tr12_r,ar_tr12_i,ar_tr21_r,ar_tr21_i,ar_tr22_r,ar_tr22_i;
+    real t1_11_r,t1_11_i,t1_12_r,t1_12_i,t1_21_r,t1_21_i,t1_22_r,t1_22_i;
+    real t2_11_r,t2_11_i,t2_12_r,t2_12_i,t2_21_r,t2_21_i,t2_22_r,t2_22_i;
+
+    //1550nm
+    real sigma_ne=-8.8E-22;
+    real sigma_nh=-8.5E-18;
+    real sigma_ae=8.5E-18;
+    real sigma_ah=6.0E-18;
+
+    real xlength=0.6u;
+    integer xnum=10001;
+    real x[0:10000];
+    real np[0:10000];
+    real pp[0:10000];
+    real pn[0:10000];
+    real nn[0:10000];
+    real xx[0:20001];
+    real n[0:20001];
+    real p[0:20001];
+    real wi,wf;
+    real dalpha_e[0:20001];
+    real dalpha_h[0:20001];
+    real dalpha[0:20001];
+    real sum_dalpha;
+    real dalpha_avr;
+
+    integer ps_file;
+    real width_start, width_end, width_step;
+    real lam_start, lam_end, lam_step;
+    integer width_num, lam_num;
+    real tmp;
+    real lam_old=0;
+    real width_old=0;
+    real neff_table_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_lamtable_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_widthtable_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    integer read_table_ps=1;
+
+    analog function real findzeropoint_rect_x;
+        input x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vx;
+        real x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vx;
+        real iter_count;
+        real x_lower, x_upper;
+        real y_mid;
+
+        real y_lower, x_mid;
+
+        begin
+            findzeropoint_rect_x = -1;
+            x_lower = x_lower_input;
+            x_upper = x_upper_input;
+            iter_count = 0;
+            y_mid = 1;
+            while (iter_count<`MAX_ITER && abs(y_mid) > `TOLERANCE) begin
+                x_mid = (x_lower + x_upper) / 2;
+                y_lower = tan(x_lower / 2) - sqrt(pow(Vx,2) - pow(x_lower,2)) / x_lower;
+                y_mid = tan(x_mid / 2) - sqrt(pow(Vx,2) - pow(x_mid,2)) / x_mid;
+
+                if (abs(y_mid) < `TOLERANCE) begin
+                    findzeropoint_rect_x = x_mid;
+                end
+
+                if (y_mid * y_lower < 0)
+                    x_upper = x_mid;
+                else
+                    x_lower = x_mid;
+
+                iter_count = iter_count + 1;
+            end
+            if (findzeropoint_rect_x == -1)
+                $display("No zero point found in the given range. Please try again with different range.");
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real findzeropoint_rect_y;
+        input x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vy, m;
+        real x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vy, m;
+        real iter_count;
+        real x_lower, x_upper;
+        real y_mid;
+
+        real y_lower, x_mid;
+
+        begin
+            x_lower = x_lower_input;
+            x_upper = x_upper_input;
+            iter_count = 0;
+            y_mid = 1;
+            findzeropoint_rect_y = -1;
+            while (iter_count<`MAX_ITER && abs(y_mid) > `TOLERANCE) begin
+                x_mid = (x_lower + x_upper) / 2;
+                y_lower = tan(x_lower / 2 - m * `M_PI / 2) - sqrt((pow(Vy,2) - pow(x_lower,2))) / x_lower;
+                y_mid = tan(x_mid / 2 - m * `M_PI / 2) - sqrt((pow(Vy,2) - pow(x_mid,2))) / x_mid;
+
+                if (abs(y_mid) < `TOLERANCE)
+                    findzeropoint_rect_y = x_mid;
+
+                if (y_mid * y_lower < 0)
+                    x_upper = x_mid;
+                else
+                    x_lower = x_mid;
+                iter_count = iter_count + 1;
+            end
+            if (findzeropoint_rect_y == -1)
+                $display("No zero point found in the given range. Please try again with different range.");
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real eim_rect;
+        input lam, width, thickness, n_ps, n_sub, numflag, mode_index;
+        real lam, width, thickness, n_ps, n_sub;
+        integer numflag, mode_index;
+        real k1, Vx, yx, hx, beta_x, neff_x_MMI, Vy, yy, hxy;
+        real beta_xy[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real neff_xy[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real beta_xy_out[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real neff_xy_out[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        integer i, m, mode_num;
+
+        begin
+            k1=2*`M_PI*n_ps/lam;
+            Vx=2*`M_PI/lam*thickness*sqrt((pow(n_ps,2)-pow(n_sub,2)));
+            yx=findzeropoint_rect_x(1e-6,min(`M_PI,Vx),Vx);
+            hx=yx/thickness;
+            beta_x=sqrt(pow(k1,2)-pow(hx,2));
+            neff_x_MMI=lam*beta_x/(2*`M_PI);
+            Vy=2*`M_PI/lam*width*sqrt((pow(neff_x_MMI,2)-pow(n_sub,2)));
+            i=0;
+            m=0;
+            while (m*`M_PI<Vy) begin
+                yy=findzeropoint_rect_y(m*`M_PI+1e-6,min((m+1)*`M_PI-1e-6,Vy),Vy,m);
+                m=m+1;
+                // if m*`M_PI>=Vy
+                //     break
+                hxy=yy/width;
+                beta_xy[i]=sqrt(pow(beta_x,2)-pow(hxy,2));
+                neff_xy[i]=lam*beta_xy[i]/(2*`M_PI);
+                i=i+1;
+            end
+            mode_num=m-1;
+            if (numflag==1 || numflag==2) begin
+                for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+                    beta_xy_out[i]=beta_xy[i];
+                    neff_xy_out[i]=neff_xy[i];
+                end
+                if (numflag==1)
+                    eim_rect=neff_xy_out[mode_index];
+                else
+                    eim_rect=beta_xy_out[mode_index];
+            end
+            else if (numflag==3) begin
+                eim_rect=beta_x;
+            end
+            else if (numflag==4) begin
+                eim_rect=mode_num;
+            end
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real fieldfunc;
+        input y,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0;
+        real y,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0;
+        real fai;
+
+        begin
+            fai = m * `M_PI / 2;
+            if (((y - offset) <= (width / 2)) && ((-width / 2) <= (y - offset)))
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * (y - offset) - fai);
+            else if ((y - offset) > width / 2)
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * width / 2 - fai) * exp(-gamma * ((y - offset) - width / 2));
+            else
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * width / 2 + fai) * exp(gamma * ((y - offset) + width / 2));
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real normpower_fieldfunc_quad;
+        input width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0,width_MMI,border;
+        real width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0,width_MMI,border;
+        real n,h;
+        // real border=width_MMI/2;
+        integer i;
+        real sum;
+        begin
+            n=`IDX_NUM;
+            h=border*2/n;
+            sum=0.5*(pow(abs(fieldfunc(-1*border,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2)+pow(abs(fieldfunc(border,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2));
+            for (i=1;i<n;i=i+1) begin
+                sum=sum+pow(abs(fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2);
+            end
+            normpower_fieldfunc_quad=1/sqrt(h*sum);
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real infidx_modecoeffcient_quad;
+        input width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02,border;
+        real width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02,border;
+        real n,h;
+        // real border=20;
+        integer i;
+        real sum;
+        begin
+            n=`IDX_NUM;
+            h=border*2/n;
+            sum=0.5*(fieldfunc(-1*border,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(-1*border,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02)+fieldfunc(border,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(border,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02));
+            for (i=1;i<n;i=i+1) begin
+                sum=sum+fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02);
+            end
+            infidx_modecoeffcient_quad=h*sum;
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog initial begin
+        ulam0=design_lam*1e6;
+        uwidth_in=width_port*1e6;
+        uwidth_MMI=width_MMI*1e6;
+        uoffset=port_offset*1e6;
+        uthickness=thickness*1e6;
+        alpha0=alpha_mmi*1e-6;
+        k1_ref = 2 * `M_PI * n_ps / ulam0;
+        kc_ref = 2 * `M_PI * n_sub / ulam0;
+
+        mode_num_ref = eim_rect(ulam0, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 4, 0);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num_ref;i=i+1) begin
+            beta_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam0, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, i);
+        end
+        length_MMI = p0*1.5*`M_PI/(beta_MMI[0]-beta_MMI[1]); //0.375Lpi?
+        // $display("length_MMI=%f",length_MMI);
+        border=20;
+
+        pn00=pow(ni,2)/N_D;
+        np00=pow(ni,2)/N_A;
+
+        eps=epsr_Si*`P_EPS0;
+        phi_bi=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q*log(N_A*N_D/pow(ni,2));
+
+        N_avr=N_A*N_D/(N_A+N_D);
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        ulam = V(Ilam) * 1e6;
+        beta_in=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_in, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, 0);
+        // $display("beta_in=%f",beta_in);
+        beta_x_in=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_in, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 3, 0);
+        // $display("beta_x_in=%f",beta_x_in);
+        beta_x_MMI=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 3, 0);
+        // $display("beta_x_MMI=%f",beta_x_MMI);
+        mode_num = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 4, 0);
+        // $display("mode_num=%d",mode_num);
+        ky_in = sqrt(pow(beta_x_in,2) - pow(beta_in,2));
+        // $display("ky_in=%f",ky_in);
+        gamma_in = sqrt(pow(beta_in,2) - pow(kc_ref,2));
+        // $display("gamma_in=%f",gamma_in);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            neff_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 1, i);
+            beta_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, i);
+            ky_MMI[i] = sqrt(pow(beta_x_MMI,2) - pow(beta_MMI[i],2));
+            gamma_MMI[i] = sqrt(pow(beta_MMI[i],2) - pow(kc_ref,2));
+            // $display("neff_MMI[%d]=%f, beta_MMI[%d]=%f, ky_MMI[%d]=%f, gamma_MMI[%d]=%f",i,neff_MMI[i],i,beta_MMI[i],i,ky_MMI[i],i,gamma_MMI[i]);
+        end
+
+        c0=normpower_fieldfunc_quad(uwidth_in,0,ky_in,gamma_in,0,1,uwidth_MMI,border);
+        // $display("c0=%f",c0);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            c0_dis[i]=normpower_fieldfunc_quad(uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[i],gamma_MMI[i],i,1,uwidth_MMI,border);
+            // $display("c0_dis[%d]=%f",i,c0_dis[i]);
+            icoff[i]=infidx_modecoeffcient_quad(uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[i],gamma_MMI[i],i,c0_dis[i],border);
+            // $display("icoff[%d]=%f",i,icoff[i]);
+        end
+
+        delta_beta = beta_MMI[0] - beta_MMI[1];
+        // $display("delta_beta=%f",delta_beta);
+        for (i=2;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            beta_MMI[i]=beta_MMI[0] - i* (i + 2) * delta_beta / 3;
+            // $display("beta_MMI[%d]=%f",i,beta_MMI[i]);
+        end
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            ocoff_r[i]=icoff[i]*cos(-beta_MMI[i]*length_MMI);
+            ocoff_i[i]=icoff[i]*sin(-beta_MMI[i]*length_MMI)*-1.0;
+            // $display("ocoff_r[%d]=%f, ocoff_i[%d]=%f",i,ocoff_r[i],i,ocoff_i[i]);
+        end
+
+        h=border*2.0/`IDX_NUM;
+        sum_outfield1=0;
+        sum_outfield2=0;
+        sum_outfield3=0;
+        sum_outfield4=0;
+        for (j=0;j<mode_num;j=j+1) begin
+            sum_singlemode1=0.5*(ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode2=0.5*(ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode3=0.5*(ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode4=0.5*(ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            for (i=1;i<`IDX_NUM;i=i+1) begin
+                sum_singlemode1=sum_singlemode1+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode2=sum_singlemode2+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode3=sum_singlemode3+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode4=sum_singlemode4+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+            end
+            sum_outfield1=sum_outfield1+h*sum_singlemode1;
+            sum_outfield2=sum_outfield2+h*sum_singlemode2;
+            sum_outfield3=sum_outfield3+h*sum_singlemode3;
+            sum_outfield4=sum_outfield4+h*sum_singlemode4;
+        end
+        c1r=sum_outfield1*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        c1i=sum_outfield2*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        c2r=sum_outfield3*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        c2i=sum_outfield4*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+
+        // $display("c1r=%f, c1i=%f, c2r=%f, c2i=%f",c1r,c1i,c2r,c2i);
+
+        lam=V(Ilam);
+        gd=(-Is*(exp(5)-1)+IBV)/(-5*emi*Vt + BV);
+        Id=Is*(exp(V(Nint)/(emi*Vt))-1)+V(Nint)*gd;
+        if (V(Nint) >= V0) 
+            Cj=0;
+        else
+            Cj=Cj0/sqrt(1-V(Nint)/V0);
+        //Cd=Id*tau/(emi*Vt);
+        Cd=Is*(exp(V(Nint)/(emi*Vt))-1)*tau/(emi*Vt);
+
+        I(Iint) <+ V(Vbias)/Rs;
+        I(CCj) <+ Cj*ddt(V(CCj));
+        I(CCd) <+ Cd*ddt(V(CCd));
+        I(Idd) <+ Id;
+        V(RRs) <+ I(RRs)*Rs;
+
+        phi=phi_bi-V(Nint);
+        // $display("V(Nint)=%e",V(Nint));
+        if (phi<0) 
+            phi=0;
+
+        // $display("phi=%e",phi);
+        W=alpha_wd * sqrt(2.0*eps*phi/(`P_Q*N_avr));
+        Wdp=N_D * W/(N_A+N_D);
+        Wdn=N_A * W/(N_A+N_D);
+
+        for (i=0; i<xnum; i=i+1) begin
+            x[i]=i*xlength/(xnum-1);
+            np[i]=np00*(exp(`P_Q*V(Nint)/(`P_K*$temperature))-1)*exp(-(x[i]-Wdp)/Ln)+np00;
+            if (x[i]>Wdp) begin
+                pp[i]=N_A;
+            end
+            else begin
+                pp[i]=0;
+            end
+            pn[i]=pn00*(exp(`P_Q*V(Nint)/(`P_K*$temperature))-1)*exp(-(x[i]-Wdn)/Lp)+pn00;
+            if (x[i]>Wdn) begin
+                nn[i]=N_D;
+            end
+            else begin
+                nn[i]=0;
+            end
+            if (np[i]<0) np[i]=0;
+            if (pn[i]<0) pn[i]=0;
+        end
+
+        for (i=0; i<2*xnum; i=i+1) begin
+            if (i<xnum) begin
+                xx[i]=-x[xnum-1-i];
+                n[i]=np[xnum-1-i];
+                p[i]=pp[xnum-1-i];
+            end
+            else begin
+                xx[i]=x[i-xnum];
+                n[i]=nn[i-xnum];
+                p[i]=pn[i-xnum];
+            end
+            if (abs(xx[i]+rib_width/2) < 0.001u) begin
+                wi=i;
+            end
+            if (abs(xx[i]-rib_width/2) < 0.001u) begin
+                wf=i;
+            end
+            dalpha_e[i]=n[i]*sigma_ae*1e-4;
+            dalpha_h[i]=p[i]*sigma_ah*1e-4;
+            dalpha[i]=dalpha_e[i] + dalpha_h[i];
+        end
+
+        sum_dalpha=0;
+        for (i=wi; i<=wf; i=i+1) begin
+            sum_dalpha=sum_dalpha+dalpha[i];
+        end
+        dalpha_avr=sum_dalpha/(wf-wi+1.0);
+        alpha_phaseshift = alpha_phaseshift_ref + dalpha_avr;
+
+        if (read_table_ps==0 || lam_old==0 || width_old==0) begin
+            read_table_ps=1;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_ps == 1) begin
+            ps_file=$fopen(neff_ps_filename,"r");
+            if (ps_file==0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open ps_file %s",neff_ps_filename);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",width_start);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",width_end);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%d",width_num);
+            width_step = (width_end-width_start)/(width_num-1);
+            // $display("width_start=%f, width_end=%f, width_num=%f, width_step=%f",width_start,width_end,width_num,width_step);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",lam_start);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",lam_end);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%d",lam_num);
+            lam_step = (lam_end-lam_start)/(lam_num-1);
+            // for (i=0; i<width_num; i=i+1) begin
+            //         $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",tmp);
+            // end
+            for (i=0; i<width_num; i=i+1) begin
+                for (j=0; j<lam_num; j=j+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",tmp);
+                    // $display("%f",tmp);
+                    neff_widthtable_ps[i*lam_num+j] = width_start+i*width_step;
+                    neff_lamtable_ps[i*lam_num+j] = lam_start+j*lam_step;
+                    neff_table_ps[i*lam_num+j] = tmp;
+                    //$display("neff_widthtable_ps[%d]=%f, neff_lamtable_ps[%d]=%f, neff_table_ps[%d]=%f",i*lam_num+j,neff_widthtable_ps[i*lam_num+j],i*lam_num+j,neff_lamtable_ps[i*lam_num+j],i*lam_num+j,neff_table_ps[i*lam_num+j]);
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(ps_file);
+            neff_widthtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_lamtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_table_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_widthtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = 0;
+            neff_lamtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = -1;
+            neff_table_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = 0;
+            read_table_ps=2;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_ps == 2) begin
+            if (lam*1e6<lam_start || lam*1e6>lam_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: lam=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",lam*1e6,lam_start,lam_end);
+            end
+            if (Wdp*1e6<width_start || Wdp*1e6>width_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: Wdp=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",Wdp*1e6,width_start,width_end);
+            end
+            neff_phaseshift = $table_model(Wdp*1e6, lam*1e6, neff_widthtable_ps, neff_lamtable_ps, neff_table_ps);
+            // $display("neff=%f",neff_phaseshift);
+        end
+
+        beta_ps = 2.0*`M_PI*neff_phaseshift/lam;
+
+        k_ps_r=-alpha_phaseshift*alpha_absorp;
+        k_ps_i=beta_ps;
+
+        p_ps_r=exp(k_ps_r*l_ps)*cos(k_ps_i*l_ps);
+        p_ps_i=exp(k_ps_r*l_ps)*sin(k_ps_i*l_ps);
+
+        p_wg_r=exp((k_ps_r+alpha_waveguide-alpha_phaseshift_ref)*(l_ps+l_arm))*cos((k_ps_i)*(l_ps+l_arm));
+        p_wg_i=exp((k_ps_r+alpha_waveguide-alpha_phaseshift_ref)*(l_ps+l_arm))*sin((k_ps_i)*(l_ps+l_arm));
+        // $display("p_ps_r=%g, p_ps_i=%g, p_wg_r=%g, p_wg_i=%g",p_ps_r,p_ps_i,p_wg_r,p_wg_i);
+        ar_tr11_r=p_ps_r;
+        ar_tr11_i=p_ps_i;
+        ar_tr12_r=0;
+        ar_tr12_i=0;
+        ar_tr21_r=0;
+        ar_tr21_i=0;
+        ar_tr22_r=p_wg_r;
+        ar_tr22_i=p_wg_i;
+        // $display("p_ps_r=%f, p_ps_i=%f, p_wg_r=%f, p_wg_i=%f",p_ps_r,p_ps_i,p_wg_r,p_wg_i);
+
+        t1_11_r=c1r*ar_tr11_r-c1i*ar_tr11_i+c2r*ar_tr21_r-c2i*ar_tr21_i;
+        t1_11_i=c1r*ar_tr11_i+c1i*ar_tr11_r+c2r*ar_tr21_i+c2i*ar_tr21_r;
+        t1_12_r=c1r*ar_tr12_r-c1i*ar_tr12_i+c2r*ar_tr22_r-c2i*ar_tr22_i;
+        t1_12_i=c1r*ar_tr12_i+c1i*ar_tr12_r+c2r*ar_tr22_i+c2i*ar_tr22_r;
+        t1_21_r=c2r*ar_tr11_r-c2i*ar_tr11_i-c1r*ar_tr21_r+c1i*ar_tr21_i;
+        t1_21_i=c2r*ar_tr11_i+c2i*ar_tr11_r-c1r*ar_tr21_i-c1i*ar_tr21_r;
+        t1_22_r=c2r*ar_tr12_r-c2i*ar_tr12_i-c1r*ar_tr22_r+c1i*ar_tr22_i;
+        t1_22_i=c2r*ar_tr12_i+c2i*ar_tr12_r-c1r*ar_tr22_i-c1i*ar_tr22_r;
+
+        t2_11_r=t1_11_r*c1r-t1_11_i*c1i+t1_12_r*c2r-t1_12_i*c2i;
+        t2_11_i=t1_11_r*c1i+t1_11_i*c1r+t1_12_r*c2i+t1_12_i*c2r;
+        t2_12_r=t1_11_r*c2r-t1_11_i*c2i+t1_12_r*c1r-t1_12_i*c1i;
+        t2_12_i=t1_11_r*c2i+t1_11_i*c2r+t1_12_r*c1i+t1_12_i*c1r;
+        t2_21_r=t1_21_r*c1r-t1_21_i*c1i+t1_22_r*c2r-t1_22_i*c2i;
+        t2_21_i=t1_21_r*c1i+t1_21_i*c1r+t1_22_r*c2i+t1_22_i*c2r;
+        t2_22_r=t1_21_r*c2r-t1_21_i*c2i+t1_22_r*c1r-t1_22_i*c1i;
+        t2_22_i=t1_21_r*c2i+t1_21_i*c2r+t1_22_r*c1i+t1_22_i*c1r;
+        // $display("t2_11_r=%f, t2_11_i=%f, t2_12_r=%f, t2_12_i=%f, t2_21_r=%f, t2_21_i=%f, t2_22_r=%f, t2_22_i=%f",t2_11_r,t2_11_i,t2_12_r,t2_12_i,t2_21_r,t2_21_i,t2_22_r,t2_22_i);
+
+        inr=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        ini=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        out1r=t2_11_r*inr-t2_11_i*ini;
+        out1i=t2_11_r*ini+t2_11_i*inr;
+        out2r=t2_21_r*inr-t2_21_i*ini;
+        out2i=t2_21_r*ini+t2_21_i*inr;
+
+        V(Olam) <+ lam;
+        V(Opow) <+ pow(out1r,2)+pow(out1i,2);
+        V(Ophase) <+ atan2(out1i,out1r)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/chifilterbasic.va b/1.0/passive/chifilterbasic.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..861feed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/chifilterbasic.va
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,chifilterbasic,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module chifilterbasic(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter real centerfreq = 1G;
+    parameter real bandwidth = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real loss = 0 from [0:1];
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real opow,freq;
+
+    analog begin
+		freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        if (freq < centerfreq+bandwidth/2 && freq > centerfreq-bandwidth/2) begin
+            opow = V(Ipow);
+        end
+        else begin
+            opow = V(Ipow)*loss;
+        end
+        V(Opow) <+ opow;
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/chifiltergauss.va b/1.0/passive/chifiltergauss.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4167d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/chifiltergauss.va
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,chifiltergauss,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module chifiltergauss(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter real centerfreq = 1G;
+    parameter real sigma = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter integer resize = 0 from [0:1];
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real opow,freq;
+
+    analog begin
+		freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        if (resize == 1)
+            opow=V(Ipow)/(sigma*sqrt(2*`M_PI))*exp(-1*pow(freq-centerfreq,2)/(2*pow(sigma,2)));
+        else
+            opow=V(Ipow)*exp(-1*pow(freq-centerfreq,2)/(2*pow(sigma,2)));
+        V(Opow) <+ opow;
+        V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/gainbasic.va b/1.0/passive/gainbasic.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6dd680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/gainbasic.va
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,gainbasic,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module gainbasic(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real G = 1 from [0:inf);
+//	parameter real phaseshift=0;
+//	parameter real noisefigure=0;
+	
+	input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+//	real S;	
+	analog begin
+//		S=(G*pow(10,noisefigure/10)-1)*`P_C*`P_H/V(Ilam);
+		V(Opow) <+ G*V(Ipow);
+		V(Ophase) <+ V(Iphase);//+phaseshift;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/jointer2.va b/1.0/passive/jointer2.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33dda09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/jointer2.va
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,jointer2,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module jointer2(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real n1 = 0.5 from [0:1];
+	parameter real n2 = 0.5 from [0:1];
+
+	input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	
+	real r1,i1,r2,i2,ro,io;
+	real iph1,iph2,oph;
+
+	analog begin
+		iph1=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+		iph2=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+		r1=sqrt(n1*V(Ipow1))*cos(iph1);
+		i1=sqrt(n1*V(Ipow1))*sin(iph1);
+		r2=sqrt(n2*V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+		i2=sqrt(n2*V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+		ro=r1+r2;
+		io=i1+i2;
+		oph=atan2(io,ro)/(2*`M_PI)*360.0;
+		V(Opow) <+ pow(ro,2)+pow(io,2);
+		V(Ophase) <+ oph;
+		//Only same lambda can have correct outcom!
+		V(Olam) <+ (V(Ilam1)+V(Ilam2))/2;
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/jointer3.va b/1.0/passive/jointer3.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01de8e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/jointer3.va
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,jointer3,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module jointer3(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Ipow3,Iphase3,Ilam3,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real n1 = 0.3333 from [0:1];
+	parameter real n2 = 0.3333 from [0:1];
+	parameter real n3 = 0.3333 from [0:1];
+
+	input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Ipow3,Iphase3,Ilam3;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Ipow3,Iphase3,Ilam3,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	
+	real r1,i1,r2,i2,r3,i3,ro,io;
+	real iph1,iph2,iph3,oph;
+
+	analog begin
+		iph1=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+		iph2=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+		iph3=V(Iphase3)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+		r1=sqrt(n1*V(Ipow1))*cos(iph1);
+		i1=sqrt(n1*V(Ipow1))*sin(iph1);
+		r2=sqrt(n2*V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+		i2=sqrt(n2*V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+		r3=sqrt(n3*V(Ipow3))*cos(iph3);
+		i3=sqrt(n3*V(Ipow3))*sin(iph3);
+		ro=r1+r2+r3;
+		io=i1+i2+i3;
+		oph=atan2(io,ro)/(2*`M_PI)*360.0;
+
+		V(Ophase) <+ oph;
+		V(Opow) <+ pow(ro,2)+pow(io,2);
+		V(Olam) <+ (V(Ilam1)+V(Ilam2)+V(Ilam3))/3;
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/jointerbasic.va b/1.0/passive/jointerbasic.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d35c471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/jointerbasic.va
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,jointerbasic,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module jointerbasic(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_str = 500e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real l_up = 500e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real l_down = 500e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_tm = 0;
+    parameter real attenu_te = 0 from [0:inf);//attenuation in dB/m
+    parameter real attenu_tm = 0 from [0:inf);//attenuation in dB/m
+    parameter real design_freq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real s0_te = 0.5 from [0:1];
+    parameter real s0_tm = 0.5 from [0:1];
+    parameter real dfreq_te = 100e12 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real dfreq_tm = 100e12 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real ds_te = 0;
+    parameter real ds_tm = 0;
+    parameter real scat_loss_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real scat_loss_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+
+	input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real freq,iph1,iph2;
+    real eeir1,eeii1,emir1,emii1,eeir2,eeii2,emir2,emii2;
+    real alpha_te,alpha_tm;
+    real beta_ter,beta_tei,beta_tmr,beta_tmi;
+    real s_te,s_tm;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i,t13r,t13i,t14r,t14i,t23r,t23i,t24r,t24i;
+    real oer,oei,omr,omi;
+
+    analog begin
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam1);
+        iph1=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        iph2=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph1);
+            eeii1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph1);
+            emir1=0;
+            emii1=0;
+            eeir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+            eeii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+            emir2=0;
+            emii2=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir1=0;
+            eeii1=0;
+            emir1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph1);
+            emii1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph1);
+            eeir2=0;
+            eeii2=0;
+            emir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+            emii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+        end
+
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_te=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_te;
+            alpha_tm=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_tm;
+        end
+        else begin
+            alpha_te=attenu_te;
+            alpha_tm=attenu_tm;
+        end
+
+        beta_ter=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);     
+        beta_tei=-alpha_te/2;
+        beta_tmr=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        beta_tmi=-alpha_tm/2;
+
+        if (freq < design_freq-dfreq_te/2) begin
+            s_te=s0_te-dfreq_te/2.0*ds_te;
+        end
+        else if (freq > design_freq+dfreq_te/2) begin
+            s_te=s0_te+dfreq_te/2.0*ds_te;
+        end
+        else begin
+            s_te=s0_te+(freq-design_freq)*ds_te;
+        end
+        if (freq < design_freq-dfreq_tm/2) begin
+            s_tm=s0_tm-dfreq_tm/2.0*ds_tm;
+        end
+        else if (freq > design_freq+dfreq_tm/2) begin
+            s_tm=s0_tm+dfreq_tm/2.0*ds_tm;
+        end
+        else begin
+            s_tm=s0_tm+(freq-design_freq)*ds_tm;
+        end
+
+        t11r=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_up))*cos(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_up));
+        t11i=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_up))*sin(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_up));
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_up))*cos(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_up));
+        t22i=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_up))*sin(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_up));
+        t13r=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(1-s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_down))*cos(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_down));
+        t13i=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(1-s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_down))*sin(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_down));
+        t14r=0;
+        t14i=0;
+        t23r=0;
+        t23i=0;
+        t24r=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(1-s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_down))*cos(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_down));
+        t24i=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(1-s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_down))*sin(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_down));
+
+        oer=t11r*eeir1+t12r*emir1+t13r*eeir2+t14r*emir2-t11i*eeii1-t12i*emii1-t13i*eeii2-t14i*emii2;
+        oei=t11r*eeii1+t12r*emii1+t13r*eeii2+t14r*emii2+t11i*eeir1+t12i*emir1+t13i*eeir2+t14i*emir2;
+        omr=t21r*eeir1+t22r*emir1+t23r*eeir2+t24r*emir2-t21i*eeii1-t22i*emii1-t23i*eeii2-t24i*emii2;
+        omi=t21r*eeii1+t22r*emii1+t23r*eeii2+t24r*emii2+t21i*eeir1+t22i*emir1+t23i*eeir2+t24i*emir2;
+
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam1);
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ pow(oer,2)+pow(oei,2);
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(oei,oer)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ pow(omr,2)+pow(omi,2);
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(omi,omr)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/mmi1x2.va b/1.0/passive/mmi1x2.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e350f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/mmi1x2.va
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,mmi1x2,veriloga
+//Xuanqi Chen, Zhifei Wang, Yi-Shing Chang, Jiang Xu, Jun Feng, Peng Yang, Zhehui Wang, Luan H. K. Duong, ”Modeling and Analysis of Optical Modulators Based on Free-Carrier Plasma Dispersion Effect,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 977-990, May 2020.
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_MODES 200
+`define MAX_ITER 10000
+`define IDX_NUM 50000
+`define TOLERANCE 0.0000000001
+
+module mmi1x2(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter real design_lam = 1.55e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_ps = 3.45 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_sub = 1.45 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real width_MMI = 3e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real width_port = 0.45e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real port_offset = 0.75e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real thickness = 0.22e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_mmi = 80 from (0:inf);
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;    
+
+    real ulam, ulam0, uwidth_in, uwidth_MMI, uoffset, uthickness, alpha0;
+    real k1_ref, kc_ref;
+    integer mode_num, mode_num_ref;
+    real beta_x_MMI, beta_in, beta_x_in;
+    real neff_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real beta_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real length_MMI;
+    real ky_in, gamma_in;
+    real ky_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real gamma_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real c0;
+    real c0_dis[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real icoff[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real delta_beta;
+    real ocoff_r[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real ocoff_i[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real c1r, c1i, c2r, c2i;
+    real inr, ini, out1r, out1i, out2r, out2i;
+    real sum_outfield1, sum_outfield2, sum_outfield3, sum_outfield4;
+    real sum_singlemode1,sum_singlemode2,sum_singlemode3,sum_singlemode4;
+
+    real border;
+
+    integer i, j;
+    real p=1;
+    real h;
+
+    analog function real findzeropoint_rect_x;
+        input x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vx;
+        real x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vx;
+        real iter_count;
+        real x_lower, x_upper;
+        real y_mid;
+
+        real y_lower, x_mid;
+
+        begin
+            findzeropoint_rect_x = -1;
+            x_lower = x_lower_input;
+            x_upper = x_upper_input;
+            iter_count = 0;
+            y_mid = 1;
+            while (iter_count<`MAX_ITER && abs(y_mid) > `TOLERANCE) begin
+                x_mid = (x_lower + x_upper) / 2;
+                y_lower = tan(x_lower / 2) - sqrt(pow(Vx,2) - pow(x_lower,2)) / x_lower;
+                y_mid = tan(x_mid / 2) - sqrt(pow(Vx,2) - pow(x_mid,2)) / x_mid;
+
+                if (abs(y_mid) < `TOLERANCE) begin
+                    findzeropoint_rect_x = x_mid;
+                end
+
+                if (y_mid * y_lower < 0)
+                    x_upper = x_mid;
+                else
+                    x_lower = x_mid;
+
+                iter_count = iter_count + 1;
+            end
+            if (findzeropoint_rect_x == -1)
+                $display("No zero point found in the given range. Please try again with different range.");
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real findzeropoint_rect_y;
+        input x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vy, m;
+        real x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vy, m;
+        real iter_count;
+        real x_lower, x_upper;
+        real y_mid;
+
+        real y_lower, x_mid;
+
+        begin
+            x_lower = x_lower_input;
+            x_upper = x_upper_input;
+            iter_count = 0;
+            y_mid = 1;
+            findzeropoint_rect_y = -1;
+            while (iter_count<`MAX_ITER && abs(y_mid) > `TOLERANCE) begin
+                x_mid = (x_lower + x_upper) / 2;
+                y_lower = tan(x_lower / 2 - m * `M_PI / 2) - sqrt((pow(Vy,2) - pow(x_lower,2))) / x_lower;
+                y_mid = tan(x_mid / 2 - m * `M_PI / 2) - sqrt((pow(Vy,2) - pow(x_mid,2))) / x_mid;
+
+                if (abs(y_mid) < `TOLERANCE)
+                    findzeropoint_rect_y = x_mid;
+
+                if (y_mid * y_lower < 0)
+                    x_upper = x_mid;
+                else
+                    x_lower = x_mid;
+                iter_count = iter_count + 1;
+            end
+            if (findzeropoint_rect_y == -1)
+                $display("No zero point found in the given range. Please try again with different range.");
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real eim_rect;
+        input lam, width, thickness, n_ps, n_sub, numflag, mode_index;
+        real lam, width, thickness, n_ps, n_sub;
+        integer numflag, mode_index;
+        real k1, Vx, yx, hx, beta_x, neff_x_MMI, Vy, yy, hxy;
+        real beta_xy[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real neff_xy[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real beta_xy_out[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real neff_xy_out[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        integer i, m, mode_num;
+
+        begin
+            k1=2*`M_PI*n_ps/lam;
+            Vx=2*`M_PI/lam*thickness*sqrt((pow(n_ps,2)-pow(n_sub,2)));
+            yx=findzeropoint_rect_x(1e-6,min(`M_PI,Vx),Vx);
+            hx=yx/thickness;
+            beta_x=sqrt(pow(k1,2)-pow(hx,2));
+            neff_x_MMI=lam*beta_x/(2*`M_PI);
+            Vy=2*`M_PI/lam*width*sqrt((pow(neff_x_MMI,2)-pow(n_sub,2)));
+            i=0;
+            m=0;
+            while (m*`M_PI<Vy) begin
+                yy=findzeropoint_rect_y(m*`M_PI+1e-6,min((m+1)*`M_PI-1e-6,Vy),Vy,m);
+                m=m+1;
+                // if m*`M_PI>=Vy
+                //     break
+                hxy=yy/width;
+                beta_xy[i]=sqrt(pow(beta_x,2)-pow(hxy,2));
+                neff_xy[i]=lam*beta_xy[i]/(2*`M_PI);
+                i=i+1;
+            end
+            mode_num=m-1;
+            if (numflag==1 || numflag==2) begin
+                for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+                    beta_xy_out[i]=beta_xy[i];
+                    neff_xy_out[i]=neff_xy[i];
+                end
+                if (numflag==1)
+                    eim_rect=neff_xy_out[mode_index];
+                else
+                    eim_rect=beta_xy_out[mode_index];
+            end
+            else if (numflag==3) begin
+                eim_rect=beta_x;
+            end
+            else if (numflag==4) begin
+                eim_rect=mode_num;
+            end
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real fieldfunc;
+        input y,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0;
+        real y,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0;
+        real fai;
+
+        begin
+            fai = m * `M_PI / 2;
+            if (((y - offset) <= (width / 2)) && ((-width / 2) <= (y - offset)))
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * (y - offset) - fai);
+            else if ((y - offset) > width / 2)
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * width / 2 - fai) * exp(-gamma * ((y - offset) - width / 2));
+            else
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * width / 2 + fai) * exp(gamma * ((y - offset) + width / 2));
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real normpower_fieldfunc_quad;
+        input width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0,width_MMI,border;
+        real width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0,width_MMI,border;
+        real n,h;
+        // real border=width_MMI/2;
+        integer i;
+        real sum;
+        begin
+            n=`IDX_NUM;
+            h=border*2/n;
+            sum=0.5*(pow(abs(fieldfunc(-1*border,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2)+pow(abs(fieldfunc(border,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2));
+            for (i=1;i<n;i=i+1) begin
+                sum=sum+pow(abs(fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2);
+            end
+            normpower_fieldfunc_quad=1/sqrt(h*sum);
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real infidx_modecoeffcient_quad;
+        input width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02,border;
+        real width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02,border;
+        real n,h;
+        // real border=20;
+        integer i;
+        real sum;
+        begin
+            n=`IDX_NUM;
+            h=border*2/n;
+            sum=0.5*(fieldfunc(-1*border,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(-1*border,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02)+fieldfunc(border,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(border,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02));
+            for (i=1;i<n;i=i+1) begin
+                sum=sum+fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02);
+            end
+            infidx_modecoeffcient_quad=h*sum;
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog initial begin
+        ulam0=design_lam*1e6;
+        uwidth_in=width_port*1e6;
+        uwidth_MMI=width_MMI*1e6;
+        uoffset=port_offset*1e6;
+        uthickness=thickness*1e6;
+        alpha0=alpha_mmi*1e-6;
+        k1_ref = 2 * `M_PI * n_ps / ulam0;
+        kc_ref = 2 * `M_PI * n_sub / ulam0;
+
+        mode_num_ref = eim_rect(ulam0, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 4, 0);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num_ref;i=i+1) begin
+            beta_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam0, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, i);
+        end
+        length_MMI = p*0.75*`M_PI/(beta_MMI[0]-beta_MMI[1])/2; //0.375Lpi?
+        // $display("length_MMI=%f",length_MMI);
+        border=20;
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        ulam = V(Ilam) * 1e6;
+        beta_in=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_in, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, 0);
+        // $display("beta_in=%f",beta_in);
+        beta_x_in=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_in, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 3, 0);
+        // $display("beta_x_in=%f",beta_x_in);
+        beta_x_MMI=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 3, 0);
+        // $display("beta_x_MMI=%f",beta_x_MMI);
+        mode_num = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 4, 0);
+        // $display("mode_num=%d",mode_num);
+        ky_in = sqrt(pow(beta_x_in,2) - pow(beta_in,2));
+        // $display("ky_in=%f",ky_in);
+        gamma_in = sqrt(pow(beta_in,2) - pow(kc_ref,2));
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            neff_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 1, i);
+            beta_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, i);
+            ky_MMI[i] = sqrt(pow(beta_x_MMI,2) - pow(beta_MMI[i],2));
+            gamma_MMI[i] = sqrt(pow(beta_MMI[i],2) - pow(kc_ref,2));
+            // $display("neff_MMI[%d]=%f, beta_MMI[%d]=%f, ky_MMI[%d]=%f, gamma_MMI[%d]=%f",i,neff_MMI[i],i,beta_MMI[i],i,ky_MMI[i],i,gamma_MMI[i]);
+        end
+
+        c0=normpower_fieldfunc_quad(uwidth_in,0,ky_in,gamma_in,0,1,uwidth_MMI,border);
+        // $display("c0=%f",c0);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            c0_dis[i]=normpower_fieldfunc_quad(uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[i],gamma_MMI[i],i,1,uwidth_MMI,border);
+            // $display("c0_dis[%d]=%f",i,c0_dis[i]);
+            icoff[i]=infidx_modecoeffcient_quad(uwidth_in,0,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[i],gamma_MMI[i],i,c0_dis[i],border);
+            // $display("icoff[%d]=%f",i,icoff[i]);
+        end
+
+        delta_beta = beta_MMI[0] - beta_MMI[1];
+        // $display("delta_beta=%f",delta_beta);
+        for (i=2;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            beta_MMI[i]=beta_MMI[0] - i* (i + 2) * delta_beta / 3;
+            // $display("beta_MMI[%d]=%f",i,beta_MMI[i]);
+        end
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            ocoff_r[i]=icoff[i]*cos(-beta_MMI[i]*length_MMI);
+            ocoff_i[i]=icoff[i]*sin(-beta_MMI[i]*length_MMI)*-1.0;
+            // $display("ocoff_r[%d]=%f, ocoff_i[%d]=%f",i,ocoff_r[i],i,ocoff_i[i]);
+        end
+        h=border*2.0/`IDX_NUM;
+        sum_outfield1=0;
+        sum_outfield2=0;
+        sum_outfield3=0;
+        sum_outfield4=0;
+        for (j=0;j<mode_num;j=j+1) begin
+            sum_singlemode1=0.5*(ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode2=0.5*(ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode3=0.5*(ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode4=0.5*(ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            for (i=1;i<`IDX_NUM;i=i+1) begin
+                sum_singlemode1=sum_singlemode1+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode2=sum_singlemode2+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode3=sum_singlemode3+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode4=sum_singlemode4+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+            end
+            // $display("sum_singlemode1=%f, sum_singlemode2=%f, sum_singlemode3=%f, sum_singlemode4=%f",sum_singlemode1,sum_singlemode2,sum_singlemode3,sum_singlemode4);
+            sum_outfield1=sum_outfield1+h*sum_singlemode1;
+            sum_outfield2=sum_outfield2+h*sum_singlemode2;
+            sum_outfield3=sum_outfield3+h*sum_singlemode3;
+            sum_outfield4=sum_outfield4+h*sum_singlemode4;
+        end
+        c1r=sum_outfield1*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        c1i=sum_outfield2*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        c2r=sum_outfield3*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        c2i=sum_outfield4*exp(-alpha0*length_MMI);
+        // $display("c1r=%f, c1i=%f, c2r=%f, c2i=%f",c1r,c1i,c2r,c2i);
+
+        inr=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        ini=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        out1r=c1r*inr-c1i*ini;
+        out1i=c1r*ini+c1i*inr;
+        out2r=c2r*inr-c2i*ini;
+        out2i=c2r*ini+c2i*inr;
+
+        V(Opow1)   <+ pow(out1r,2)+pow(out1i,2);
+        V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(out1i,out1r)*360.0/2/`M_PI;
+        V(Olam1)   <+ ulam/1e6;
+        V(Opow2)   <+ pow(out2r,2)+pow(out2i,2);
+        V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(out2i,out2r)*360.0/2/`M_PI;
+        V(Olam2)   <+ ulam/1e6;
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/mmi2x2.va b/1.0/passive/mmi2x2.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34a7400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/mmi2x2.va
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,mmi2x2,veriloga
+//Xuanqi Chen, Zhifei Wang, Yi-Shing Chang, Jiang Xu, Jun Feng, Peng Yang, Zhehui Wang, Luan H. K. Duong, ”Modeling and Analysis of Optical Modulators Based on Free-Carrier Plasma Dispersion Effect,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 977-990, May 2020.
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_MODES 200
+`define MAX_ITER 10000
+`define IDX_NUM 50000
+`define TOLERANCE 0.0000000001
+
+module mmi2x2(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter real design_lam = 1.55e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_ps = 3.45 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_sub = 1.45 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real width_MMI = 3e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real width_port = 0.45e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real port_offset = 0.75e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real thickness = 0.22e-6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_mmi = 80 from (0:inf);
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;    
+
+    real ulam, ulam0, uwidth_in, uwidth_MMI, uoffset, uthickness, alpha0;
+    real k1_ref, kc_ref;
+    integer mode_num, mode_num_ref;
+    real beta_x_MMI, beta_in, beta_x_in;
+    real neff_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real beta_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real length_MMI;
+    real ky_in, gamma_in;
+    real ky_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real gamma_MMI[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real c0;
+    real c0_dis[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real icoff[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real delta_beta;
+    real ocoff_r[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real ocoff_i[0:`MAX_MODES];
+    real c1r, c1i, c2r, c2i;
+    real in1r, in1i, in2r, in2i, out1r, out1i, out2r, out2i;
+    real sum_outfield1, sum_outfield2, sum_outfield3, sum_outfield4;
+    real sum_singlemode1,sum_singlemode2,sum_singlemode3,sum_singlemode4;
+
+    real border;
+
+    integer i, j;
+    real p=1;
+    real h;
+
+    analog function real findzeropoint_rect_x;
+        input x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vx;
+        real x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vx;
+        real iter_count;
+        real x_lower, x_upper;
+        real y_mid;
+
+        real y_lower, x_mid;
+
+        begin
+            findzeropoint_rect_x = -1;
+            x_lower = x_lower_input;
+            x_upper = x_upper_input;
+            iter_count = 0;
+            y_mid = 1;
+            while (iter_count<`MAX_ITER && abs(y_mid) > `TOLERANCE) begin
+                x_mid = (x_lower + x_upper) / 2;
+                y_lower = tan(x_lower / 2) - sqrt(pow(Vx,2) - pow(x_lower,2)) / x_lower;
+                y_mid = tan(x_mid / 2) - sqrt(pow(Vx,2) - pow(x_mid,2)) / x_mid;
+
+                if (abs(y_mid) < `TOLERANCE) begin
+                    findzeropoint_rect_x = x_mid;
+                end
+
+                if (y_mid * y_lower < 0)
+                    x_upper = x_mid;
+                else
+                    x_lower = x_mid;
+
+                iter_count = iter_count + 1;
+            end
+            if (findzeropoint_rect_x == -1)
+                $display("No zero point found in the given range. Please try again with different range.");
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real findzeropoint_rect_y;
+        input x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vy, m;
+        real x_lower_input, x_upper_input, Vy, m;
+        real iter_count;
+        real x_lower, x_upper;
+        real y_mid;
+
+        real y_lower, x_mid;
+
+        begin
+            x_lower = x_lower_input;
+            x_upper = x_upper_input;
+            iter_count = 0;
+            y_mid = 1;
+            findzeropoint_rect_y = -1;
+            while (iter_count<`MAX_ITER && abs(y_mid) > `TOLERANCE) begin
+                x_mid = (x_lower + x_upper) / 2;
+                y_lower = tan(x_lower / 2 - m * `M_PI / 2) - sqrt((pow(Vy,2) - pow(x_lower,2))) / x_lower;
+                y_mid = tan(x_mid / 2 - m * `M_PI / 2) - sqrt((pow(Vy,2) - pow(x_mid,2))) / x_mid;
+
+                if (abs(y_mid) < `TOLERANCE)
+                    findzeropoint_rect_y = x_mid;
+
+                if (y_mid * y_lower < 0)
+                    x_upper = x_mid;
+                else
+                    x_lower = x_mid;
+                iter_count = iter_count + 1;
+            end
+            if (findzeropoint_rect_y == -1)
+                $display("No zero point found in the given range. Please try again with different range.");
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real eim_rect;
+        input lam, width, thickness, n_ps, n_sub, numflag, mode_index;
+        real lam, width, thickness, n_ps, n_sub;
+        integer numflag, mode_index;
+        real k1, Vx, yx, hx, beta_x, neff_x_MMI, Vy, yy, hxy;
+        real beta_xy[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real neff_xy[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real beta_xy_out[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        real neff_xy_out[0:`MAX_MODES];
+        integer i, m, mode_num;
+
+        begin
+            k1=2*`M_PI*n_ps/lam;
+            Vx=2*`M_PI/lam*thickness*sqrt((pow(n_ps,2)-pow(n_sub,2)));
+            yx=findzeropoint_rect_x(1e-6,min(`M_PI,Vx),Vx);
+            hx=yx/thickness;
+            beta_x=sqrt(pow(k1,2)-pow(hx,2));
+            neff_x_MMI=lam*beta_x/(2*`M_PI);
+            Vy=2*`M_PI/lam*width*sqrt((pow(neff_x_MMI,2)-pow(n_sub,2)));
+            i=0;
+            m=0;
+            while (m*`M_PI<Vy) begin
+                yy=findzeropoint_rect_y(m*`M_PI+1e-6,min((m+1)*`M_PI-1e-6,Vy),Vy,m);
+                m=m+1;
+                // if m*`M_PI>=Vy
+                //     break
+                hxy=yy/width;
+                beta_xy[i]=sqrt(pow(beta_x,2)-pow(hxy,2));
+                neff_xy[i]=lam*beta_xy[i]/(2*`M_PI);
+                i=i+1;
+            end
+            mode_num=m-1;
+            if (numflag==1 || numflag==2) begin
+                for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+                    beta_xy_out[i]=beta_xy[i];
+                    neff_xy_out[i]=neff_xy[i];
+                end
+                if (numflag==1)
+                    eim_rect=neff_xy_out[mode_index];
+                else
+                    eim_rect=beta_xy_out[mode_index];
+            end
+            else if (numflag==3) begin
+                eim_rect=beta_x;
+            end
+            else if (numflag==4) begin
+                eim_rect=mode_num;
+            end
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real fieldfunc;
+        input y,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0;
+        real y,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0;
+        real fai;
+
+        begin
+            fai = m * `M_PI / 2;
+            if (((y - offset) <= (width / 2)) && ((-width / 2) <= (y - offset)))
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * (y - offset) - fai);
+            else if ((y - offset) > width / 2)
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * width / 2 - fai) * exp(-gamma * ((y - offset) - width / 2));
+            else
+                fieldfunc=c0 * cos(ky * width / 2 + fai) * exp(gamma * ((y - offset) + width / 2));
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real normpower_fieldfunc_quad;
+        input width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0,width_MMI,border;
+        real width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0,width_MMI,border;
+        real n,h;
+        // real border=width_MMI/2;
+        integer i;
+        real sum;
+        begin
+            n=`IDX_NUM;
+            h=border*2/n;
+            sum=0.5*(pow(abs(fieldfunc(-1*border,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2)+pow(abs(fieldfunc(border,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2));
+            for (i=1;i<n;i=i+1) begin
+                sum=sum+pow(abs(fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width,offset,ky,gamma,m,c0)),2);
+            end
+            normpower_fieldfunc_quad=1/sqrt(h*sum);
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog function real infidx_modecoeffcient_quad;
+        input width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02,border;
+        real width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02,border;
+        real n,h;
+        // real border=20;
+        integer i;
+        real sum;
+        begin
+            n=`IDX_NUM;
+            h=border*2/n;
+            sum=0.5*(fieldfunc(-1*border,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(-1*border,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02)+fieldfunc(border,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(border,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02));
+            for (i=1;i<n;i=i+1) begin
+                sum=sum+fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width1,offset1,ky1,gamma1,m1,c01)* fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,width2,offset2,ky2,gamma2,m2,c02);
+            end
+            infidx_modecoeffcient_quad=h*sum;
+        end
+    endfunction
+
+    analog initial begin
+        ulam0=design_lam*1e6;
+        uwidth_in=width_port*1e6;
+        uwidth_MMI=width_MMI*1e6;
+        uoffset=port_offset*1e6;
+        uthickness=thickness*1e6;
+        alpha0=alpha_mmi*1e-6;
+        k1_ref = 2 * `M_PI * n_ps / ulam0;
+        kc_ref = 2 * `M_PI * n_sub / ulam0;
+
+        mode_num_ref = eim_rect(ulam0, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 4, 0);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num_ref;i=i+1) begin
+            beta_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam0, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, i);
+        end
+        length_MMI = p*1.5*`M_PI/(beta_MMI[0]-beta_MMI[1]); //1.5Lpi?
+        // $display("length_MMI=%f",length_MMI);
+        border=20;
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        ulam = V(Ilam1) * 1e6;
+        beta_in=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_in, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, 0);
+        // $display("beta_in=%f",beta_in);
+        beta_x_in=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_in, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 3, 0);
+        // $display("beta_x_in=%f",beta_x_in);
+        beta_x_MMI=eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 3, 0);
+        // $display("beta_x_MMI=%f",beta_x_MMI);
+        mode_num = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 4, 0);
+        // $display("mode_num=%d",mode_num);
+        ky_in = sqrt(pow(beta_x_in,2) - pow(beta_in,2));
+        // $display("ky_in=%f",ky_in);
+        gamma_in = sqrt(pow(beta_in,2) - pow(kc_ref,2));
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            neff_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 1, i);
+            beta_MMI[i] = eim_rect(ulam, uwidth_MMI, uthickness, n_ps, n_sub, 2, i);
+            ky_MMI[i] = sqrt(pow(beta_x_MMI,2) - pow(beta_MMI[i],2));
+            gamma_MMI[i] = sqrt(pow(beta_MMI[i],2) - pow(kc_ref,2));
+            // $display("neff_MMI[%d]=%f, beta_MMI[%d]=%f, ky_MMI[%d]=%f, gamma_MMI[%d]=%f",i,neff_MMI[i],i,beta_MMI[i],i,ky_MMI[i],i,gamma_MMI[i]);
+        end
+
+        c0=normpower_fieldfunc_quad(uwidth_in,0,ky_in,gamma_in,0,1,uwidth_MMI,border);
+        // $display("c0=%f",c0);
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            c0_dis[i]=normpower_fieldfunc_quad(uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[i],gamma_MMI[i],i,1,uwidth_MMI,border);
+            // $display("c0_dis[%d]=%f",i,c0_dis[i]);
+            icoff[i]=infidx_modecoeffcient_quad(uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[i],gamma_MMI[i],i,c0_dis[i],border);
+            // $display("icoff[%d]=%f",i,icoff[i]);
+        end
+
+        delta_beta = beta_MMI[0] - beta_MMI[1];
+        // $display("delta_beta=%f",delta_beta);
+        for (i=2;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            beta_MMI[i]=beta_MMI[0] - i* (i + 2) * delta_beta / 3;
+            // $display("beta_MMI[%d]=%f",i,beta_MMI[i]);
+        end
+        for (i=0;i<mode_num;i=i+1) begin
+            ocoff_r[i]=icoff[i]*cos(-beta_MMI[i]*length_MMI);
+            ocoff_i[i]=icoff[i]*sin(-beta_MMI[i]*length_MMI)*-1.0;
+            // $display("ocoff_r[%d]=%f, ocoff_i[%d]=%f",i,ocoff_r[i],i,ocoff_i[i]);
+        end
+        h=border*2.0/`IDX_NUM;
+        sum_outfield1=0;
+        sum_outfield2=0;
+        sum_outfield3=0;
+        sum_outfield4=0;
+        for (j=0;j<mode_num;j=j+1) begin
+            sum_singlemode1=0.5*(ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode2=0.5*(ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode3=0.5*(ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            sum_singlemode4=0.5*(ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0)+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(border,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0));
+            for (i=1;i<`IDX_NUM;i=i+1) begin
+                sum_singlemode1=sum_singlemode1+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode2=sum_singlemode2+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode3=sum_singlemode3+ocoff_r[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+                sum_singlemode4=sum_singlemode4+ocoff_i[j]*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_MMI,0,ky_MMI[j],gamma_MMI[j],j,c0_dis[j])*fieldfunc(-1*border+i*h,uwidth_in,-uoffset,ky_in,gamma_in,0,c0);
+            end
+            // $display("sum_singlemode1=%f, sum_singlemode2=%f, sum_singlemode3=%f, sum_singlemode4=%f",sum_singlemode1,sum_singlemode2,sum_singlemode3,sum_singlemode4);
+            sum_outfield1=sum_outfield1+h*sum_singlemode1;
+            sum_outfield2=sum_outfield2+h*sum_singlemode2;
+            sum_outfield3=sum_outfield3+h*sum_singlemode3;
+            sum_outfield4=sum_outfield4+h*sum_singlemode4;
+        end
+        c1r=sum_outfield1;
+        c1i=sum_outfield2;
+        c2r=sum_outfield3;
+        c2i=sum_outfield4;
+        // $display("c1r=%f, c1i=%f, c2r=%f, c2i=%f",c1r,c1i,c2r,c2i);
+
+        in1r=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        in1i=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        in2r=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        in2i=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        out1r=c1r*in1r-c1i*in1i+c2r*in2r-c2i*in2i;
+        out1i=c1r*in1i+c1i*in1r+c2r*in2i+c2i*in2r;
+        out2r=c2r*in1r-c2i*in1i-c1r*in2r+c1i*in2i;
+        out2i=c2r*in1i+c2i*in1r-c1r*in2i-c1i*in2r;
+
+        V(Opow1)   <+ pow(out1r,2)+pow(out1i,2);
+        V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(out1i,out1r)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam1)   <+ ulam/1e6;
+        V(Opow2)   <+ pow(out2r,2)+pow(out2i,2);
+        V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(out2i,out2r)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam2)   <+ ulam/1e6;
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/phasedelay.va b/1.0/passive/phasedelay.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad46c97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/phasedelay.va
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,phasedelay,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module phasedelay(V1,V2,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+	parameter real a = 1;
+	parameter real phi = 0 from (-360:360);
+
+	input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+	output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+	inout V1,V2;
+	electrical V1,V2,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+	real iph,oph;
+
+	analog begin
+		iph=I(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+		oph=(iph+a*(V(V1)-V(V2))+phi/360.0*2*`M_PI)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+		V(Opow) <+ V(Ipow);
+		V(Ophase) <+ oph;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+	end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/spliter2.va b/1.0/passive/spliter2.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c372f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/spliter2.va
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,spliter2,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module spliter2(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+	parameter real r1 = 0.5 from [0:1];
+	parameter real r2 = 0.5 from [0:1];
+	
+	input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+	output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+	electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+
+	analog begin
+		V(Opow1) <+ V(Ipow)*r1;
+		V(Opow2) <+ V(Ipow)*r2;
+		V(Ophase1) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Ophase2) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam);
+		V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam);
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/spliter3.va b/1.0/passive/spliter3.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..382f319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/spliter3.va
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,spliter3,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module spliter3(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Opow3,Ophase3,Olam3);
+	parameter real r1 = 0.3333 from [0:1];
+	parameter real r2 = 0.3333 from [0:1];
+	parameter real r3 = 0.3333 from [0:1];
+	
+	input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+	output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Opow3,Ophase3,Olam3;
+	electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Opow3,Ophase3,Olam3;
+
+	analog begin
+		V(Opow1) <+ V(Ipow)*r1;
+		V(Opow2) <+ V(Ipow)*r2;
+		V(Opow3) <+ V(Ipow)*r3;
+		V(Ophase1) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Ophase2) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Ophase3) <+ V(Iphase);
+		V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam);
+		V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam);
+		V(Olam3) <+ V(Ilam);
+	end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/spliterbasic.va b/1.0/passive/spliterbasic.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..639b853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/spliterbasic.va
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,spliterbasic,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module spliterbasic(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_str = 500e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real l_up = 500e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real l_down = 500e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_tm = 0;
+    parameter real attenu_te = 0 from [0:inf);//attenuation in dB/m
+    parameter real attenu_tm = 0 from [0:inf);//attenuation in dB/m
+    parameter real design_freq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real s0_te = 0.5 from [0:1];
+    parameter real s0_tm = 0.5 from [0:1];
+    parameter real dfreq_te = 100e12 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real dfreq_tm = 100e12 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real ds_te = 0;
+    parameter real ds_tm = 0;
+    parameter real scat_loss_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real scat_loss_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+
+    real freq,iph;
+    real eeir,eeii,emir,emii;
+    real alpha_te,alpha_tm;
+    real beta_ter,beta_tei,beta_tmr,beta_tmi;
+    real s_te,s_tm;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i,t31r,t31i,t32r,t32i,t41r,t41i,t42r,t42i;
+    real o1er,o1ei,o1mr,o1mi,o2er,o2ei,o2mr,o2mi;
+
+    analog begin
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        iph=V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            eeii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+            emir=0;
+            emii=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir=0;
+            eeii=0;
+            emir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            emii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+        end
+
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_te=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_te;
+            alpha_tm=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_tm;
+        end
+        else begin
+            alpha_te=attenu_te;
+            alpha_tm=attenu_tm;
+        end
+
+        beta_ter=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);     
+        beta_tei=-alpha_te/2;
+        beta_tmr=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        beta_tmi=-alpha_tm/2;
+
+        if (freq < design_freq-dfreq_te/2) begin
+            s_te=s0_te-dfreq_te/2.0*ds_te;
+        end
+        else if (freq > design_freq+dfreq_te/2) begin
+            s_te=s0_te+dfreq_te/2.0*ds_te;
+        end
+        else begin
+            s_te=s0_te+(freq-design_freq)*ds_te;
+        end
+        if (freq < design_freq-dfreq_tm/2) begin
+            s_tm=s0_tm-dfreq_tm/2.0*ds_tm;
+        end
+        else if (freq > design_freq+dfreq_tm/2) begin
+            s_tm=s0_tm+dfreq_tm/2.0*ds_tm;
+        end
+        else begin
+            s_tm=s0_tm+(freq-design_freq)*ds_tm;
+        end
+
+        t11r=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_up))*cos(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_up));
+        t11i=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_up))*sin(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_up));
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_up))*cos(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_up));
+        t22i=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_up))*sin(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_up));
+        t31r=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(1-s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_down))*cos(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_down));
+        t31i=pow(10,-scat_loss_te/10)*sqrt(1-s_te)*exp(-beta_tei*(l_str+l_down))*sin(-beta_ter*(l_str+l_down));
+        t32r=0;
+        t32i=0;
+        t41r=0;
+        t41i=0;
+        t42r=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(1-s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_down))*cos(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_down));
+        t42i=pow(10,-scat_loss_tm/10)*sqrt(1-s_tm)*exp(-beta_tmi*(l_str+l_down))*sin(-beta_tmr*(l_str+l_down));
+
+        o1er=t11r*eeir-t11i*eeii+t12r*emir-t12i*emii;
+        o1ei=t11r*eeii+t11i*eeir+t12r*emii+t12i*emir;
+        o1mr=t21r*eeir-t21i*eeii+t22r*emir-t22i*emii;
+        o1mi=t21r*eeii+t21i*eeir+t22r*emii+t22i*emir;
+        o2er=t31r*eeir-t31i*eeii+t32r*emir-t32i*emii;
+        o2ei=t31r*eeii+t31i*eeir+t32r*emii+t32i*emir;
+        o2mr=t41r*eeir-t41i*eeii+t42r*emir-t42i*emii;
+        o2mi=t41r*eeii+t41i*eeir+t42r*emii+t42i*emir;
+
+
+        V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam);
+        V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam);
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(o1er,2)+pow(o1ei,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(o1ei,o1er)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(o2er,2)+pow(o2ei,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(o2ei,o2er)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(o1mr,2)+pow(o1mi,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(o1mi,o1mr)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(o2mr,2)+pow(o2mi,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(o2mi,o2mr)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/wgarc.va b/1.0/passive/wgarc.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..775e0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/wgarc.va
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,wgarc,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module wgarc(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_te_0 = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_tm_0 = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_tm = 0;
+    parameter real attenu_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real phasedelay_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_tm = 0;
+    parameter real coupling_tem = 0;
+    parameter real redius = 1e-3 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real angle = 90 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real kn_te = 0;
+    parameter real kn_tm = 0;
+    parameter real A_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real A_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real B_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real B_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real eeir,eeii,emir,emii;
+    real eeor,eeoi,emor,emoi;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i;
+    real beta_ter,beta_tei,beta_tmr,beta_tmi,beta_avr,beta_avi,beta_dvr,beta_dvi;
+    real delta,trandelta,cdd,bddr,bddi;
+    real rfront,ifrontch,t11r1,t1r2,t11i1,t1i2,t22r1,t2r2,t22i1,t2i2;
+    real alpha_te0,alpha_tm0;
+    real dn_te,dn_tm,dalpha_te,dalpha_tm;
+    real alpha_te,alpha_tm,neff_te,neff_tm;
+    real length=redius*angle/180*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_te_u=phasedelay_te/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_tm_u=phasedelay_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real freq;
+    real iph;
+
+    analog begin
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        iph=V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            eeii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+            emir=0;
+            emii=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir=0;
+            eeii=0;
+            emir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            emii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+        end
+
+        alpha_te0=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_te;
+        alpha_tm0=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_tm;
+        dn_te=kn_te/pow(redius,2);
+        dn_tm=kn_tm/pow(redius,2);
+        dalpha_te=A_te/sqrt(redius)*exp(-B_te*redius);
+        dalpha_tm=A_tm/sqrt(redius)*exp(-B_tm*redius);
+
+        neff_te=neff_te_0+dn_te;
+        neff_tm=neff_tm_0+dn_tm;
+        alpha_te=alpha_te0+dalpha_te;
+        alpha_tm=alpha_tm0+dalpha_tm;
+
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_te=0.1*ln(10)*alpha_te;
+            alpha_tm=0.1*ln(10)*alpha_tm;
+        end
+
+        beta_ter=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);     
+        beta_tei=-alpha_te/2;
+        beta_tmr=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        beta_tmi=-alpha_tm/2;
+        if (coupling_tem == 0) begin
+            rfront=exp(beta_tei*length);
+            t11r1=cos(phasedelay_te_u-beta_ter*length);
+            t11i1=sin(phasedelay_te_u-beta_ter*length);
+            t22r1=cos(phasedelay_tm_u-beta_tmr*length);
+            t22i1=sin(phasedelay_tm_u-beta_tmr*length);
+
+            t11r=rfront*t11r1;
+            t11i=rfront*t11i1;
+            t12r=0;
+            t12i=0;
+            t21r=0;
+            t21i=0;
+            t22r=rfront*t22r1;
+            t22i=rfront*t22i1;
+        end
+        else begin
+            beta_avr=(beta_ter+beta_tmr)/2;
+            beta_avi=(beta_tmi+beta_tmi)/2;
+            beta_dvr=(beta_ter-beta_tmr)/2;
+            beta_dvi=(beta_tmi-beta_tmi)/2;
+            delta=sqrt(beta_dvr*beta_dvr+beta_dvi*beta_dvi+coupling_tem*coupling_tem);
+            trandelta=delta*length;
+            cdd=coupling_tem/delta;
+            bddr=beta_dvr/delta;
+            bddi=beta_dvi/delta;
+
+            rfront=exp(beta_avi*length);
+            t11r1=cos(trandelta)+bddi*sin(trandelta);
+            t11i1=-bddr*sin(trandelta);
+            t1r2=cos(phasedelay_te_u-beta_avr*length);
+            t1i2=sin(phasedelay_te_u-beta_avr*length);
+            ifrontch=-cdd*sin(trandelta);
+            t2r2=cos(phasedelay_tm_u-beta_avr*length);
+            t2i2=sin(phasedelay_tm_u-beta_avr*length);
+            t22r1=cos(trandelta)-bddi*sin(trandelta);
+            t22i1=bddr*sin(trandelta);
+
+            t11r=rfront*(t11r1*t1r2-t11i1*t1i2);
+            t11i=rfront*(t11r1*t1i2+t11i1*t1r2);
+            t12r=rfront*ifrontch*t1i2;
+            t12i=rfront*ifrontch*t1r2;
+            t21r=rfront*ifrontch*t2i2;
+            t21i=rfront*ifrontch*t2r2;
+            t22r=rfront*(t22r1*t2r2-t22i1*t2i2);
+            t22i=rfront*(t22r1*t2i2+t22i1*t2r2);
+        end
+
+        eeor=t11r*eeir-t11i*eeii+t12r*emir-t12i*emii;
+        eeoi=t11r*eeii+t11i*eeir+t12r*emii+t12i*emir;
+        emor=t21r*eeir-t21i*eeii+t22r*emir-t22i*emii;
+        emoi=t21r*eeii+t21i*eeir+t22r*emii+t22i*emir;
+
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ eeor*eeor+eeoi*eeoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eeoi,eeor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ emor*emor+emoi*emoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(emoi,emor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/wgstrmodecp.va b/1.0/passive/wgstrmodecp.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a89b6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/wgstrmodecp.va
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,wgstrmodecp,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module wgstrmodecp(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real length = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_tm = 0;
+    parameter real attenu_te = 0 from [0:inf);//attenuation in dB/m
+    parameter real attenu_tm = 0 from [0:inf);//attenuation in dB/m
+    parameter real phasedelay_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_tm = 0;
+    parameter real coupling_tem = 0;
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real eeir,eeii,emir,emii;
+    real eeor,eeoi,emor,emoi;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i;
+    real beta_ter,beta_tei,beta_tmr,beta_tmi,beta_avr,beta_avi,beta_dvr,beta_dvi;
+    real rfront_te,rfront_tm,t11r1,t11i1,t1i2,t22r1,t22i1;
+    real c1r,c1i,a,t,deltar,deltai,thetar,thetai,sr,si,rr,ri,z1r,z1i,z21r,z21i,z2r,z2i,z3r,z3i;
+    real c11r,c11i,c12r,c12i,c21r,c21i,c22r,c22i,c31r,c31i;
+    real phasedelay_te_u=phasedelay_te/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_tm_u=phasedelay_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real alpha_te,alpha_tm;
+    real freq;
+    real iph;
+
+    analog begin
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        iph=V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            eeii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+            emir=0;
+            emii=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir=0;
+            eeii=0;
+            emir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            emii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+        end
+
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_te=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_te;
+            alpha_tm=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_tm;
+        end
+        else begin
+            alpha_te=attenu_te;
+            alpha_tm=attenu_tm;
+        end
+
+        beta_ter=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);     
+        beta_tei=-alpha_te/2;
+        beta_tmr=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        beta_tmi=-alpha_tm/2;
+
+        beta_avr=(beta_ter+beta_tmr)/2;
+        beta_avi=(beta_tmi+beta_tmi)/2;
+        beta_dvr=(beta_ter-beta_tmr)/2;
+        beta_dvi=(beta_tmi-beta_tmi)/2;
+        c1r=beta_dvr*beta_dvr+beta_dvi*beta_dvi+coupling_tem*coupling_tem;
+        c1i=2*beta_dvr*beta_dvi;
+        a=sqrt(pow(c1r,2)+pow(c1i,2));
+        t=atan2(c1i,c1r);
+        deltar=sqrt(a)*cos(t/2);
+        deltai=sqrt(a)*sin(t/2);
+        thetar=deltar*length;
+        thetai=deltai*length;
+        sr=coupling_tem*deltar/(deltar*deltar+deltai*deltai);
+        si=-coupling_tem*deltai/(deltar*deltar+deltai*deltai);
+        rr=(beta_dvr*deltar+beta_dvi*deltai)/(deltar*deltar+deltai*deltai);
+        ri=(-beta_dvr*deltai+beta_dvi*deltar)/(deltar*deltar+deltai*deltai);
+
+        //cos(theta)
+        z1r=(exp(-thetai)+exp(thetai))/2.0*cos(thetar);
+        z1i=(exp(-thetai)-exp(thetai))/2.0*sin(thetar);
+        //sin(theta)
+        z21r=(exp(thetai)+exp(-thetai))/2.0*sin(thetar);
+        z21i=(exp(thetai)-exp(-thetai))/2.0*cos(thetar);
+        //R*sin(theta)
+        z2r=rr*z21r-ri*z21i;
+        z2i=rr*z21i+ri*z21r;
+        //S*sin(theta)
+        z3r=sr*z21r-si*z21i;
+        z3i=sr*z21i+si*z21r;
+
+        c11r=z1r+z2i;
+        c11i=z1i-z2r;
+        c12r=exp(beta_avi*length)*cos(-phasedelay_te_u-beta_avr*length);
+        c12i=exp(beta_avi*length)*sin(-phasedelay_te_u-beta_avr*length);
+        c21r=z1r-z2i;
+        c21i=z1i+z2r;
+        c22r=exp(beta_avi*length)*cos(-phasedelay_tm_u-beta_avr*length);
+        c22i=exp(beta_avi*length)*sin(-phasedelay_tm_u-beta_avr*length);
+        c31r=z3i;
+        c31i=-z3r;
+
+        t11r=c11r*c12r-c11i*c12i;
+        t11i=c11r*c12i+c11i*c12r;
+        t12r=c31r*c12r-c31i*c12i;
+        t12i=c31r*c12i+c31i*c12r;
+        t21r=c31r*c22r-c31i*c22i;
+        t21i=c31r*c22i+c31i*c22r;
+        t22r=c21r*c22r-c21i*c22i;
+        t22i=c21r*c22i+c21i*c22r;
+
+        eeor=t11r*eeir-t11i*eeii+t12r*emir-t12i*emii;
+        eeoi=t11r*eeii+t11i*eeir+t12r*emii+t12i*emir;
+        emor=t21r*eeir-t21i*eeii+t22r*emir-t22i*emii;
+        emoi=t21r*eeii+t21i*eeir+t22r*emii+t22i*emir;
+
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ eeor*eeor+eeoi*eeoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eeoi,eeor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ emor*emor+emoi*emoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(emoi,emor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/wgstroptilen.va b/1.0/passive/wgstroptilen.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef9ec58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/wgstroptilen.va
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,wgstroptilen,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module wgstroptilen(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter real optlength_te = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real optlength_tm = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real optloss_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real optloss_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real phasedelay_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_tm = 0;
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real eeir,eeii,emir,emii;
+    real eeor,eeoi,emor,emoi;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i;
+    real iph;
+
+    analog begin
+        iph=V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            eeii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+            emir=0;
+            emii=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir=0;
+            eeii=0;
+            emir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            emii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+        end
+
+        //calc transfer matrix
+        t11r=pow(10,-optloss_te/20)*cos(phasedelay_te/360.0*2*`M_PI-2*`M_PI/V(Ilam)*optlength_te);
+        t11i=pow(10,-optloss_te/20)*sin(phasedelay_te/360.0*2*`M_PI-2*`M_PI/V(Ilam)*optlength_te);
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=pow(10,-optloss_tm/20)*cos(phasedelay_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI-2*`M_PI/V(Ilam)*optlength_tm);
+        t22i=pow(10,-optloss_tm/20)*sin(phasedelay_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI-2*`M_PI/V(Ilam)*optlength_tm);
+
+        eeor=t11r*eeir-t11i*eeii+t12r*emir-t12i*emii;
+        eeoi=t11r*eeii+t11i*eeir+t12r*emii+t12i*emir;
+        emor=t21r*eeir-t21i*eeii+t22r*emir-t22i*emii;
+        emoi=t21r*eeii+t21i*eeir+t22r*emii+t22i*emir;
+
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ eeor*eeor+eeoi*eeoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eeoi,eeor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ emor*emor+emoi*emoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(emoi,emor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/xcouplerbasic.va b/1.0/passive/xcouplerbasic.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..352a3a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/xcouplerbasic.va
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,xcouplerbasic,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module xcouplerbasic(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1e12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_upper = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real l_lower = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real l_coupler = 392.7e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_upper_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_upper_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_lower_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_lower_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_upper_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_upper_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_lower_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_lower_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_upper_te = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real disper_upper_tm = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real disper_lower_te = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real disper_lower_tm = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_upper_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_upper_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_lower_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_lower_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real coupling_te = 2000 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real coupling_tm = 2000 from (-inf:inf);
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+
+    real eeir1,eeii1,emir1,emii1;
+    real eeir2,eeii2,emir2,emii2;
+    real eeor1,eeoi1,emor1,emoi1;
+    real eeor2,eeoi2,emor2,emoi2;
+
+    real r_sqrt_te,i_sqrt_te,a_sqrt_te,t_sqrt_te;
+    real r_sqrt_tm,i_sqrt_tm,a_sqrt_tm,t_sqrt_tm;
+    real r_clow;
+    real z1r_te,z1i_te,z21r_te,z21i_te,z2r_te,z2i_te,z3r_te,z3i_te;
+    real z1r_tm,z1i_tm,z21r_tm,z21i_tm,z2r_tm,z2i_tm,z3r_tm,z3i_tm;
+    real c11r_te,c11i_te,c12r_te,c12i_te,c21r_te,c21i_te,c22r_te,c22i_te,c31r_te,c31i_te,c32r_te,c32i_te;
+    real c11r_tm,c11i_tm,c12r_tm,c12i_tm,c21r_tm,c21i_tm,c22r_tm,c22i_tm,c31r_tm,c31i_tm,c32r_tm,c32i_tm;
+    real c1r_te,c1i_te,c2r_te,c2i_te,c3r_te,c3i_te;
+    real c1r_tm,c1i_tm,c2r_tm,c2i_tm,c3r_tm,c3i_tm;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t13r,t13i,t14r,t14i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i,t23r,t23i,t24r,t24i;
+    real t31r,t31i,t32r,t32i,t33r,t33i,t34r,t34i,t41r,t41i,t42r,t42i,t43r,t43i,t44r,t44i;
+
+    real alpha_upper_te,alpha_upper_tm,alpha_lower_te,alpha_lower_tm;
+    real beta_upper_ter,beta_upper_tei,beta_upper_tmr,beta_upper_tmi,beta_lower_ter,beta_lower_tei,beta_lower_tmr,beta_lower_tmi;
+    real beta_avg_ter,beta_avg_tei,beta_avg_tmr,beta_avg_tmi;
+    real beta_diff_ter,beta_diff_tei,beta_diff_tmr,beta_diff_tmi;
+    real delta_ter,delta_tei,delta_tmr,delta_tmi;
+    real theta_ter,theta_tei,theta_tmr,theta_tmi;
+    real r_ter,r_tei,r_tmr,r_tmi;
+    real s_ter,s_tei,s_tmr,s_tmi;
+    real freq_upper,freq_lower;
+    real iph_upper,iph_lower;
+
+    analog begin
+        iph_upper=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        iph_lower=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (V(Ilam1)==0)
+            freq_upper=`P_C/V(Ilam2);
+        else
+            freq_upper=`P_C/V(Ilam1);
+        if (V(Ilam2)==0)
+            freq_lower=`P_C/V(Ilam1);
+        else
+            freq_lower=`P_C/V(Ilam2);
+        if (modespec ==1) begin
+            eeir1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph_upper);
+            eeii1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph_upper);
+            emir1=0;
+            emii1=0;
+            eeir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph_lower);
+            eeii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph_lower);
+            emir2=0;
+            emii2=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec ==2) begin
+            eeir1=0;
+            eeii1=0;
+            emir1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph_upper);
+            emii1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph_upper);
+            eeir2=0;
+            eeii2=0;
+            emir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph_lower);
+            emii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph_lower);
+        end
+
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_upper_te=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_upper_te;
+            alpha_upper_tm=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_upper_tm;
+            alpha_lower_te=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_lower_te;
+            alpha_lower_tm=0.1*ln(10)*attenu_lower_tm;
+        end
+        else begin
+            alpha_upper_te=attenu_upper_te;
+            alpha_upper_tm=attenu_upper_tm;
+            alpha_lower_te=attenu_lower_te;
+            alpha_lower_tm=attenu_lower_tm;
+        end
+
+        beta_upper_ter=2.0*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_upper_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_upper_te*(freq_upper-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_upper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq_upper-reffreq,2);
+        beta_upper_tei=-0.5*alpha_upper_te;
+        beta_upper_tmr=2.0*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_upper_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_upper_tm*(freq_upper-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_upper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq_upper-reffreq,2);
+        beta_upper_tmi=-0.5*alpha_upper_tm;
+        beta_lower_ter=2.0*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_lower_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_lower_te*(freq_lower-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_lower_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq_lower-reffreq,2);
+        beta_lower_tei=-0.5*alpha_lower_te;
+        beta_lower_tmr=2.0*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_lower_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_lower_tm*(freq_lower-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_lower_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq_lower-reffreq,2);
+        beta_lower_tmi=-0.5*alpha_lower_tm;
+
+        beta_avg_ter=(beta_upper_ter+beta_lower_ter)/2.0;
+        beta_avg_tei=(beta_upper_tei+beta_lower_tei)/2.0;
+        beta_avg_tmr=(beta_upper_tmr+beta_lower_tmr)/2.0;
+        beta_avg_tmi=(beta_upper_tmi+beta_lower_tmi)/2.0;
+        beta_diff_ter=(beta_upper_ter-beta_lower_ter)/2.0;
+        beta_diff_tei=(beta_upper_tei-beta_lower_tei)/2.0;
+        beta_diff_tmr=(beta_upper_tmr-beta_lower_tmr)/2.0;
+        beta_diff_tmi=(beta_upper_tmi-beta_lower_tmi)/2.0;
+
+        r_sqrt_te=pow(beta_diff_ter,2)+pow(beta_diff_tei,2)+pow(coupling_te,2);
+        i_sqrt_te=2.0*beta_diff_ter*beta_diff_tei;
+        a_sqrt_te=sqrt(pow(r_sqrt_te,2)+pow(i_sqrt_te,2));
+        t_sqrt_te=atan2(i_sqrt_te,r_sqrt_te);
+        delta_ter=sqrt(a_sqrt_te)*cos(t_sqrt_te/2);
+        delta_tei=sqrt(a_sqrt_te)*sin(t_sqrt_te/2);
+        r_sqrt_tm=pow(beta_diff_tmr,2)+pow(beta_diff_tmi,2)+pow(coupling_tm,2);
+        i_sqrt_tm=2.0*beta_diff_tmr*beta_diff_tmi;
+        a_sqrt_tm=sqrt(pow(r_sqrt_tm,2)+pow(i_sqrt_tm,2));
+        t_sqrt_tm=atan2(i_sqrt_tm,r_sqrt_tm);
+        delta_tmr=sqrt(a_sqrt_tm)*cos(t_sqrt_tm/2);
+        delta_tmi=sqrt(a_sqrt_tm)*sin(t_sqrt_tm/2);
+
+        theta_ter=delta_ter*l_coupler;
+        theta_tei=delta_tei*l_coupler;
+        theta_tmr=delta_tmr*l_coupler;
+        theta_tmi=delta_tmi*l_coupler;
+
+        r_clow=pow(delta_ter,2)+pow(delta_tei,2);
+        r_ter=(beta_diff_ter*delta_ter+beta_diff_tei*delta_tei)/r_clow;
+        r_tei=(-beta_diff_ter*delta_tei+beta_diff_tei*delta_ter)/r_clow;
+        r_tmr=(beta_diff_tmr*delta_tmr+beta_diff_tmi*delta_tmi)/r_clow;
+        r_tmi=(-beta_diff_tmr*delta_tmi+beta_diff_tmi*delta_tmr)/r_clow;
+
+        s_ter=coupling_te*delta_ter/(pow(delta_ter,2)+pow(delta_tei,2));
+        s_tei=-coupling_te*delta_tei/(pow(delta_ter,2)+pow(delta_tei,2));
+        s_tmr=coupling_tm*delta_tmr/(pow(delta_tmr,2)+pow(delta_tmi,2));
+        s_tmi=-coupling_tm*delta_tmi/(pow(delta_tmr,2)+pow(delta_tmi,2));
+
+        //cos(theta_te)
+        z1r_te=(exp(-theta_tei)+exp(theta_tei))/2.0*cos(theta_ter);
+        z1i_te=(exp(-theta_tei)-exp(theta_tei))/2.0*sin(theta_ter);
+        //sin(theta_te)
+        z21r_te=(exp(theta_tei)+exp(-theta_tei))/2.0*sin(theta_ter);
+        z21i_te=(exp(theta_tei)-exp(-theta_tei))/2.0*cos(theta_ter);
+        //R*sin(theta_te)
+        z2r_te=r_ter*z21r_te-r_tei*z21i_te;
+        z2i_te=r_ter*z21i_te+r_tei*z21r_te;
+        //S*sin(theta_te)
+        z3r_te=s_ter*z21r_te-s_tei*z21i_te;
+        z3i_te=s_ter*z21i_te+s_tei*z21r_te;
+        //cos(theta_tm)
+        z1r_tm=(exp(-theta_tmi)+exp(theta_tmi))/2.0*cos(theta_tmr);
+        z1i_tm=(exp(-theta_tmi)-exp(theta_tmi))/2.0*sin(theta_tmr);
+        //sin(theta_tm)
+        z21r_tm=(exp(theta_tmi)+exp(-theta_tmi))/2.0*sin(theta_tmr);
+        z21i_tm=(exp(theta_tmi)-exp(-theta_tmi))/2.0*cos(theta_tmr);
+        //R*sin(theta_tm)
+        z2r_tm=r_tmr*z21r_tm-r_tmi*z21i_tm;
+        z2i_tm=r_tmr*z21i_tm+r_tmi*z21r_tm;
+        //S*sin(theta_tm)
+        z3r_tm=s_tmr*z21r_tm-s_tmi*z21i_tm;
+        z3i_tm=s_tmr*z21i_tm+s_tmi*z21r_tm;
+
+        c11r_te=z1r_te+z2i_te;
+        c11i_te=z1i_te-z2r_te;
+        c12r_te=exp(beta_avg_tei*l_coupler+beta_upper_tei*(l_upper-l_coupler))*cos(-beta_avg_ter*l_coupler-beta_upper_ter*(l_upper-l_coupler));
+        c12i_te=exp(beta_avg_tei*l_coupler+beta_upper_tei*(l_upper-l_coupler))*sin(-beta_avg_ter*l_coupler-beta_upper_ter*(l_upper-l_coupler));
+        c21r_te=z1r_te-z2i_te;
+        c21i_te=z1i_te+z2r_te;
+        c22r_te=exp(beta_avg_tei*l_coupler+beta_lower_tei*(l_lower-l_coupler))*cos(-beta_avg_ter*l_coupler-beta_lower_ter*(l_lower-l_coupler));
+        c22i_te=exp(beta_avg_tei*l_coupler+beta_lower_tei*(l_lower-l_coupler))*sin(-beta_avg_ter*l_coupler-beta_lower_ter*(l_lower-l_coupler));
+        c31r_te=z3i_te;
+        c31i_te=-z3r_te;
+        c32r_te=exp(0.5*(beta_upper_tei*l_upper+beta_lower_tei*l_lower))*cos(-0.5*(beta_upper_ter*l_upper+beta_lower_ter*l_lower));
+        c32i_te=exp(0.5*(beta_upper_tei*l_upper+beta_lower_tei*l_lower))*sin(-0.5*(beta_upper_ter*l_upper+beta_lower_ter*l_lower));
+        c11r_tm=z1r_tm+z2i_tm;
+        c11i_tm=z1i_tm-z2r_tm;
+        c12r_tm=exp(beta_avg_tmi*l_coupler+beta_upper_tmi*(l_upper-l_coupler))*cos(-beta_avg_tmr*l_coupler-beta_upper_tmr*(l_upper-l_coupler));
+        c12i_tm=exp(beta_avg_tmi*l_coupler+beta_upper_tmi*(l_upper-l_coupler))*sin(-beta_avg_tmr*l_coupler-beta_upper_tmr*(l_upper-l_coupler));
+        c21r_tm=z1r_tm-z2i_tm;
+        c21i_tm=z1i_tm+z2r_tm;
+        c22r_tm=exp(beta_avg_tmi*l_coupler+beta_lower_tmi*(l_lower-l_coupler))*cos(-beta_avg_tmr*l_coupler-beta_lower_tmr*(l_lower-l_coupler));
+        c22i_tm=exp(beta_avg_tmi*l_coupler+beta_lower_tmi*(l_lower-l_coupler))*sin(-beta_avg_tmr*l_coupler-beta_lower_tmr*(l_lower-l_coupler));
+        c31r_tm=z3i_tm;
+        c31i_tm=-z3r_tm;
+        c32r_tm=exp(0.5*(beta_upper_tmi*l_upper+beta_lower_tmi*l_lower))*cos(-0.5*(beta_upper_tmr*l_upper+beta_lower_tmr*l_lower));
+        c32i_tm=exp(0.5*(beta_upper_tmi*l_upper+beta_lower_tmi*l_lower))*sin(-0.5*(beta_upper_tmr*l_upper+beta_lower_tmr*l_lower));
+
+        c1r_te=c11r_te*c12r_te-c11i_te*c12i_te;
+        c1i_te=c11r_te*c12i_te+c11i_te*c12r_te;
+        c2r_te=c21r_te*c22r_te-c21i_te*c22i_te;
+        c2i_te=c21r_te*c22i_te+c21i_te*c22r_te;
+        c3r_te=c31r_te*c32r_te-c31i_te*c32i_te;
+        c3i_te=c31r_te*c32i_te+c31i_te*c32r_te;
+        c1r_tm=c11r_tm*c12r_tm-c11i_tm*c12i_tm;
+        c1i_tm=c11r_tm*c12i_tm+c11i_tm*c12r_tm;
+        c2r_tm=c21r_tm*c22r_tm-c21i_tm*c22i_tm;
+        c2i_tm=c21r_tm*c22i_tm+c21i_tm*c22r_tm;
+        c3r_tm=c31r_tm*c32r_tm-c31i_tm*c32i_tm;
+        c3i_tm=c31r_tm*c32i_tm+c31i_tm*c32r_tm;
+
+        t11r=c1r_te;
+        t11i=c1i_te;
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t13r=c3r_te;
+        t13i=c3i_te;
+        t14r=0;
+        t14i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=c1r_tm;
+        t22i=c1i_tm;
+        t23r=0;
+        t23i=0;
+        t24r=c3r_tm;
+        t24i=c3i_tm;
+        t31r=c3r_te;
+        t31i=c3i_te;
+        t32r=0;
+        t32i=0;
+        t33r=c2r_te;
+        t33i=c2i_te;
+        t34r=0;
+        t34i=0;
+        t41r=0;
+        t41i=0;
+        t42r=c3r_tm;
+        t42i=c3i_tm;
+        t43r=0;
+        t43i=0;
+        t44r=c2r_tm;
+        t44i=c2i_tm;
+
+        eeor1=t11r*eeir1-t11i*eeii1+t12r*emir1-t12i*emii1+t13r*eeir2-t13i*eeii2+t14r*emir2-t14i*emii2;
+        eeoi1=t11r*eeii1+t11i*eeir1+t12r*emii1+t12i*emir1+t13r*eeii2+t13i*eeir2+t14r*emii2+t14i*emir2;
+        emor1=t21r*eeir1-t21i*eeii1+t22r*emir1-t22i*emii1+t23r*eeir2-t23i*eeii2+t24r*emir2-t24i*emii2;
+        emoi1=t21r*eeii1+t21i*eeir1+t22r*emii1+t22i*emir1+t23r*eeii2+t23i*eeir2+t24r*emii2+t24i*emir2;
+        eeor2=t31r*eeir1-t31i*eeii1+t32r*emir1-t32i*emii1+t33r*eeir2-t33i*eeii2+t34r*emir2-t34i*emii2;
+        eeoi2=t31r*eeii1+t31i*eeir1+t32r*emii1+t32i*emir1+t33r*eeii2+t33i*eeir2+t34r*emii2+t34i*emir2;
+        emor2=t41r*eeir1-t41i*eeii1+t42r*emir1-t42i*emii1+t43r*eeir2-t43i*eeii2+t44r*emir2-t44i*emii2;
+        emoi2=t41r*eeii1+t41i*eeir1+t42r*emii1+t42i*emir1+t43r*eeii2+t43i*eeir2+t44r*emii2+t44i*emir2;
+
+        if (V(Ilam1)==0)
+            V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam2);
+        else
+            V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam1);
+        if (V(Ilam2)==0)
+            V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam1); 
+        else
+            V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam2); 
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(eeor1,2)+pow(eeoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(eeoi1,eeor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(eeor2,2)+pow(eeoi2,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(eeoi2,eeor2)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(emor1,2)+pow(emoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(emoi1,emor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(emor2,2)+pow(emoi2,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(emoi2,emor2)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/passive/xcouplerideal.va b/1.0/passive/xcouplerideal.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50cd313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/passive/xcouplerideal.va
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//VerilogA for passive,xcouplerideal,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module xcouplerideal(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter real kappa_te = 0.5 from [0:1];
+    parameter real kappa_tm = 0.5 from [0:1];
+	parameter integer p = 1 from [-1:1] exclude 0;
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+
+    real eeir1,eeii1,emir1,emii1;
+    real eeir2,eeii2,emir2,emii2;
+    real eeor1,eeoi1,emor1,emoi1;
+    real eeor2,eeoi2,emor2,emoi2;
+
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t13r,t13i,t14r,t14i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i,t23r,t23i,t24r,t24i;
+    real t31r,t31i,t32r,t32i,t33r,t33i,t34r,t34i,t41r,t41i,t42r,t42i,t43r,t43i,t44r,t44i;
+    real iph_upper,iph_lower;
+
+    analog begin
+        iph_upper=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        iph_lower=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec ==1) begin
+            eeir1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph_upper);
+            eeii1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph_upper);
+            emir1=0;
+            emii1=0;
+            eeir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph_lower);
+            eeii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph_lower);
+            emir2=0;
+            emii2=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec ==2) begin
+            eeir1=0;
+            eeii1=0;
+            emir1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph_upper);
+            emii1=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph_upper);
+            eeir2=0;
+            eeii2=0;
+            emir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph_lower);
+            emii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph_lower);
+        end
+
+        t11r=sqrt(1-kappa_te);
+        t11i=0;
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t13r=0;
+        t13i=p*sqrt(kappa_te);
+        t14r=0;
+        t14i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=sqrt(1-kappa_tm);
+        t22i=0;
+        t23r=0;
+        t23i=0;
+        t24r=0;
+        t24i=p*sqrt(kappa_tm);
+        t31r=0;
+        t31i=p*sqrt(kappa_te);
+        t32r=0;
+        t32i=0;
+        t33r=sqrt(1-kappa_te);
+        t33i=0;
+        t34r=0;
+        t34i=0;
+        t41r=0;
+        t41i=0;
+        t42r=0;
+        t42i=p*sqrt(kappa_tm);
+        t43r=0;
+        t43i=0;
+        t44r=sqrt(1-kappa_tm);
+        t44i=0;
+
+        eeor1=t11r*eeir1-t11i*eeii1+t12r*emir1-t12i*emii1+t13r*eeir2-t13i*eeii2+t14r*emir2-t14i*emii2;
+        eeoi1=t11r*eeii1+t11i*eeir1+t12r*emii1+t12i*emir1+t13r*eeii2+t13i*eeir2+t14r*emii2+t14i*emir2;
+        emor1=t21r*eeir1-t21i*eeii1+t22r*emir1-t22i*emii1+t23r*eeir2-t23i*eeii2+t24r*emir2-t24i*emii2;
+        emoi1=t21r*eeii1+t21i*eeir1+t22r*emii1+t22i*emir1+t23r*eeii2+t23i*eeir2+t24r*emii2+t24i*emir2;
+        eeor2=t31r*eeir1-t31i*eeii1+t32r*emir1-t32i*emii1+t33r*eeir2-t33i*eeii2+t34r*emir2-t34i*emii2;
+        eeoi2=t31r*eeii1+t31i*eeir1+t32r*emii1+t32i*emir1+t33r*eeii2+t33i*eeir2+t34r*emii2+t34i*emir2;
+        emor2=t41r*eeir1-t41i*eeii1+t42r*emir1-t42i*emii1+t43r*eeir2-t43i*eeii2+t44r*emir2-t44i*emii2;
+        emoi2=t41r*eeii1+t41i*eeir1+t42r*emii1+t42i*emir1+t43r*eeii2+t43i*eeir2+t44r*emii2+t44i*emir2;
+
+        if (V(Ilam1)==0)
+            V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam2);
+        else
+            V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam1);
+        if (V(Ilam2)==0)
+            V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam1); 
+        else
+            V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam2); 
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(eeor1,2)+pow(eeoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(eeoi1,eeor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(eeor2,2)+pow(eeoi2,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(eeoi2,eeor2)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(emor1,2)+pow(emoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(emoi1,emor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(emor2,2)+pow(emoi2,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(emoi2,emor2)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/pd/msmpd.va b/1.0/pd/msmpd.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d207941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/pd/msmpd.va
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//VerilogA for pd,msmpd,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module msmpd(Vin,Gnd,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam);
+    parameter real Lg = 3u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Se = 3726E-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Aa = 2757E-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Ac = 3114E-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cf = 0.02 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cc = 0.5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cno = 1.0E-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Ci = 0.38 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real EPSs = 12.9 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real D = 6u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real ALFA = 1e10 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Un = 5500E-4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Up = 400E-4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vns = 8.5E4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vps = 8.5E4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Fth = 4.2E10 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tnr = 0.2n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tpr = 0.65n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cm = 10 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rdark = 9.1E9 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cp = 0.1p from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Rgnd = 50 from [0:inf);
+
+    input Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Gnd;
+    electrical Vin,Gnd,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Nin1,Nin2,Npn,Npp;
+
+    real HV;
+    real Go,Rnr,Rpr;
+    real Ct,Cga,Cgc;
+    real F,Vp,Vn;
+    real Fg,Vng,Vpg;
+    real Rnt,Rpt;
+
+    branch (Nin1,Nin2) CCp,CCt,BIp,BIn,RRdark;
+    branch (Gnd,Npn) BIon;
+    branch (Npn,Gnd) RRnt,RRnr,CCnon;
+    branch (Gnd,Npp) BIop;
+    branch (Npp,Gnd) RRpt,RRpr,CCnop;
+
+    analog begin
+		HV=`P_H*`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        Go=`P_Q*Ci*(1-exp(-ALFA*D))/HV;
+        Cga=Cc*Aa*sqrt(Cno*V(Npn,Gnd)*`P_EPS0*EPSs/Se/D/V(Nin1,Nin2));
+        Cgc=Cc*Ac*sqrt(Cno*V(Npp,Gnd)*`P_EPS0*EPSs/Se/D/V(Nin1,Nin2));
+        F=Cf*V(Nin1,Nin2)/Lg;
+        Fg=V(Nin1,Nin2)/Lg;
+        Vp=Up*F/(1.0+Up*F/Vps);
+        Vn=(Un*F+Vns*pow(F/Fth,4))/(1+pow(F/Fth,4));
+        Vpg=Up*Fg/(1.0+Up*Fg/Vps);
+        Vng=(Un*Fg+Vns*pow(Fg/Fth,4))/(1+pow(Fg/Fth,4));
+
+        Ct=Cga*Cgc/(Cga+Cgc);
+        Rnt=Lg/Vng/Cno;
+        Rpt=Lg/Vpg/Cno;
+        Rnr=Tnr/Cno;
+        Rpr=Tpr/Cno;
+
+        V(Vin,Nin1) <+ I(Vin,Nin1)*Rs;
+        I(CCp) <+ Cp*ddt(V(CCp));
+        I(CCt) <+ Ct*ddt(V(CCt));
+        V(RRdark) <+ I(RRdark)*Rdark;
+        I(BIp) <+ Cm*Cno*V(Npp,Gnd)*Vp/Lg;
+        I(BIn) <+ Cm*Cno*V(Npn,Gnd)*Vn/Lg;
+
+        I(BIon) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Go;
+        V(RRnt) <+ I(RRnt)*Rnt;
+        V(RRnr) <+ I(RRnr)*Rnr;
+        I(CCnon) <+ Cno*ddt(V(CCnon));
+
+        I(BIop) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Go;
+        V(RRpt) <+ I(RRpt)*Rpt;
+        V(RRpr) <+ I(RRpr)*Rpr;
+        I(CCnop) <+ Cno*ddt(V(CCnop));
+
+		V(Gnd,Nin2) <+ Rgnd*I(Gnd,Nin2);
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/pd/pinapd.va b/1.0/pd/pinapd.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bcec00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/pd/pinapd.va
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+//VerilogA for pd,pinapd,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module pinapd(Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Gnd);
+    parameter real Idi = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real A = 12000E-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Wn = 2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Wi = 4.2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Wp = 2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real R = 0.35 from (0:1);
+    parameter real ALFn = 0.01 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real ALFi = 3000 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real ALFp = 3000 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vbi = 0.8 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nin = 3.3E12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nip = 7.3E17 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nd = 5E24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Na = 5E24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Un = 1.05 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vsn = 1E5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Fth = 350000 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Up = 0.03 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vsp = 1E5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tp = 1n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tn = 0.2n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tnr = 0.2n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Dp = 5.2E-4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Dn = 260E-4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real An = 5.13E9 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Bn = 1.95E8 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real Cn = 1 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real Ap = 7.3E9 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Bp = 2.2E8 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real Cp = 1 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real EPSs = 12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Eg = 0.75 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Mc = 0.041 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real GAM = 1.1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rd = 1e10 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cs = 1.0p from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cno = 1e-12 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real Rgnd = 50 from [0:inf);
+
+    input Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Gnd;
+    electrical Nvin,Ngnd,Npn,Npp,Npi;
+
+    real PLANCK2PI = `P_H/`M_TWO_PI;
+    real m0 = 9.10938356E-31;
+    
+    real Np0,Pn0,Ln,Lp,SIT1,SIT2,HV;
+    real EAWn,EAWp,EAWi;
+    real Vop,Voi,Von;
+    real Rp,Rn,Rnr;
+    real CHPN,SHPN,CHNP,SHNP;
+    real Rnd,Rpd,In0,Ip0,Ln2,ALFp2,Lp2,ALFn2;
+    real BEATn0,BEATn,BEATp0,BEATp,Cj;
+    real Rnt,Tnt,F,LMD;
+    real Vn,Zn,Vp,Zp;
+
+	real UA,UWn,UWi,UWp,ULMD;
+    real UALFn,UALFi,UALFp;
+    real UNin,UNip,UNd,UNa;
+    real UUn,UVsn,UFth,UUp,UVsp;
+    real UDp,UDn,UAn,UBn,UAp,UBp;
+    real ULSPEED,UEPS0;
+
+    branch (Nvin,Ngnd) CCs,CCj,RRd,Ii,Id,Ip;
+    branch (Gnd,Npn) IVN;
+    branch (Npn,Gnd) CCnoN,RRn,Iin;
+    branch (Gnd,Npp) IVP;
+    branch (Npp,Gnd) CCnoP,RRp,Iip;
+    branch (Gnd,Npi) IVI,Iia,Iini;
+    branch (Npi,Gnd) CCnoI,RRnr,Iii;
+
+    analog begin
+		LMD = V(Ilam);
+
+		UA = A*1e12;
+		UWn = Wn*1e6;
+		UWi = Wi*1e6;
+		UWp = Wp*1e6;
+		ULMD = LMD*1e6;
+        UALFn = ALFn*1e-6;
+        UALFi = ALFi*1e-6;
+        UALFp = ALFp*1e-6;
+        UNin = Nin*1e-18;
+        UNip = Nip*1e-18;
+        UNd = Nd*1e-18;
+        UNa = Na*1e-18;
+        UUn = Un*1e12;
+        UVsn = Vsn*1e6;
+        UFth = Fth*1e-6;
+        UUp = Up*1e12;
+        UVsp = Vsp*1e6;
+        UDp = Dp*1e12;
+        UDn = Dn*1e12;
+        UAn = An*1e-6;
+        UBn = Bn*1e-6;
+        UAp = Ap*1e-6;
+        UBp = Bp*1e-6;
+        ULSPEED = `P_C*1e6;
+        UEPS0 = `P_EPS0*1e-6;
+
+        Np0 = UNip*UNip/UNa;
+        Pn0 = UNin*UNin/UNd;
+        Ln = sqrt(UDn*Tn);
+        Lp = sqrt(UDp*Tp);
+        SIT1 = pow(`P_Q,3)*sqrt(2*Mc*m0/(Eg*`P_Q))/(4*`M_PI*pow(PLANCK2PI,2));
+        SIT2 = GAM*sqrt(Mc*m0*(Eg*`P_Q))/(`P_Q*PLANCK2PI)*(Eg*`P_Q);
+        // SIT1 = sqrt(Mc/Eg)*3.159E4;
+        // SIT2 = GAM*sqrt(Mc*Eg)*Eg*3.623E9;
+        HV = `P_H*ULSPEED/ULMD;
+        EAWn = exp(-UALFn*UWn);
+        EAWp = exp(-UALFp*UWp);
+        EAWi = exp(-UALFi*UWi);
+        Ln2 = Ln*Ln;
+        Lp2 = Lp*Lp;
+        ALFn2 = UALFn*UALFn;
+        ALFp2 = UALFp*UALFp;
+        CHPN = cosh(UWp/Ln);
+        SHPN = sinh(UWp/Ln);
+        CHNP = cosh(UWn/Lp);
+        SHNP = sinh(UWn/Lp);
+        BEATn0 = (`P_Q*(1-R)*UALFp*Ln2/HV/(1.0-ALFp2*Ln2))*((CHPN+1.0)/(Ln*SHPN)+(EAWp-1.0)/(UALFp*Ln2*(CHPN-1.0))-UALFp);
+        BEATp0 = (`P_Q*(1-R)*UALFn*Lp2/HV/(1.0-ALFn2*Lp2))*((CHNP+1.0)*EAWn/Lp/SHNP+(EAWn-1.0)/(UALFn*Lp2*(CHNP-1.0))+UALFn*EAWn);
+        if (Idi > 0) begin
+            Vop = `P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWn)/HV;
+            Voi = `P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWi)*EAWn/HV;
+            Von = `P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWp)*EAWn*EAWi/HV;
+            BEATn = BEATn0*EAWn*EAWi;
+            BEATp = BEATp0;
+        end
+        else begin
+            Vop = `P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWn)*EAWp*EAWi/HV;
+            Voi = `P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWi)*EAWp/HV;
+            Von = `P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWp)/HV;
+            BEATn = BEATn0;
+            BEATp = BEATp0*EAWp*EAWi;
+        end
+        Rp = Tp/Cno;
+        Rn = Tn/Cno;
+        Rnr = Tnr/Cno;
+        Rnd = Rn*(CHPN-1.0);
+        Rpd = Rp*(CHNP-1.0);
+        In0 = (`P_Q/Tn)*UA*Np0*Ln*(CHPN+1.0)/SHPN;
+        Ip0 = (`P_Q/Tp)*UA*Pn0*Lp*(CHNP+1.0)/SHNP;
+        Cj = EPSs*UEPS0*UA/UWi;
+
+        F = (V(Nvin,Ngnd)+Vbi)/UWi;
+        Vn = (UUn*F+UVsn*(pow((F/UFth),4)))/(1.0+(pow((F/UFth),4)));
+        Vp = UUp*F/(1.0+UUp*F/UVsp);
+        // Zn = UAn/exp(pow((UBn/F),Cn));
+		Zn = exp(ln(UAn)-pow((UBn/F),Cn));
+        // Zp = UAp/exp(pow((UBp/F),Cp));
+		Zp = exp(ln(UAp)-pow((UBp/F),Cp));
+        Tnt = UWi/Vn;
+        Rnt = Tnt/Cno;
+
+        V(Vin,Nvin) <+ I(Vin,Nvin)*Rs;
+        I(CCs) <+ ddt(V(CCs))*Cs;
+        I(CCj) <+ ddt(V(CCj))*Cj;
+        V(RRd) <+ I(RRd)*Rd;
+        I(Id) <+ SIT1*1E-6*UA*V(Id)*(V(Id)+Vbi)*exp(-SIT2*1E-6*UWi/(V(Id)+Vbi))/UWi;
+        I(Ii) <+ V(Npi,Gnd)/Rnt;
+        I(Ip) <+ V(Npp,Gnd)/Rpd+BEATp*V(Ipow,Gnd)+Ip0;
+
+        I(IVP) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Vop;
+        I(CCnoP) <+ ddt(V(CCnoP))*Cno;
+        V(RRp) <+ I(RRp)*Rp;
+        I(Iip) <+ V(Npp,Gnd)/Rpd+BEATp*V(Ipow,Gnd)+Ip0;
+
+        I(IVI) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Voi;
+        I(CCnoI) <+ ddt(V(CCnoI))*Cno;
+        I(Iia) <+ Cno*V(Npi,Gnd)*(Vn*Zn+Vp*Zp);
+        I(Iini) <+ V(Npn,Gnd)/Rnd+BEATn*V(Ipow,Gnd)+In0;
+        V(RRnr) <+ I(RRnr)*Rnr;
+        I(Iii) <+ V(Npi,Gnd)/Rnt;
+
+        I(IVN) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Von;
+        I(CCnoN) <+ ddt(V(CCnoN))*Cno;
+        V(RRn) <+ I(RRn)*Rn;
+        I(Iin) <+ V(Npn,Gnd)/Rnd+BEATn*V(Ipow,Gnd)+In0;
+
+		V(Gnd,Ngnd) <+ Rgnd*I(Gnd,Ngnd);
+    end
+
+endmodule
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1.0/pd/pinpd.va b/1.0/pd/pinpd.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09022e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/pd/pinpd.va
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+//VerilogA for pd,pinpd,veriloga
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module pinpd(Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Gnd);
+    parameter real Idi = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real A = 12000E-12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Wn = 2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Wi = 4.2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Wp = 2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real R = 0.35 from (0:1);
+    parameter real ALFn = 0.01 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real ALFi = 3000 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real ALFp = 3000 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vbi = 0.8 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nin = 3.3E12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nip = 7.3E17 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Nd = 5E24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Na = 5E24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Un = 1.05 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vsn = 1E5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Fth = 350000 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Up = 0.03 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vsp = 1E5 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tp = 1n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tn = 0.2n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Tnr = 0.2n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Dp = 5.2E-4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Dn = 260E-4 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real EPSs = 12 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Eg = 0.75 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Mc = 0.041 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real GAM = 1.1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rd = 1e10 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Cs = 1.0p from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 5 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cno = 1e-12 from (0:inf);
+	parameter real Rgnd = 50 from [0:inf);
+
+    input Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Vin,Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Gnd;
+    electrical Nvin,Ngnd,Npn,Npp,Npi;
+
+    real PLANCK2PI=`P_H/`M_TWO_PI;
+    real m0=9.10938356E-31;
+
+    real Np0,Pn0,Ln,Lp,SIT1,SIT2,HV;
+    real EAWn,EAWp,EAWi;
+    real Vop,Voi,Von;
+    real Rp,Rn,Rnr;
+    real CHPN,SHPN,CHNP,SHNP;
+    real Rnd,Rpd,In0,Ip0,Ln2,ALFp2,Lp2,ALFn2;
+    real BEATn0,BEATn,BEATp0,BEATp,Cj;
+    real Rnt,Tnt,F,LMD;
+    real Vn,Vp;
+
+	real UA,UWn,UWi,UWp,ULMD;
+    real UALFn,UALFi,UALFp;
+    real UNin,UNip,UNd,UNa;
+    real UUn,UVsn,UFth,UUp,UVsp;
+    real UDp,UDn;
+    real ULSPEED,UEPS0;
+
+    branch (Nvin,Ngnd) CCs,CCj,RRd,Ii,Id,Ip;
+    branch (Gnd,Npn) IVN;
+    branch (Npn,Gnd) CCnoN,RRn,Iin;
+    branch (Gnd,Npp) IVP;
+    branch (Npp,Gnd) CCnoP,RRp,Iip;
+    branch (Gnd,Npi) IVI,Iini;
+    branch (Npi,Gnd) CCnoI,RRnr,Iii;
+
+    analog begin
+		LMD=V(Ilam);
+
+		UA=A*1e12;
+		UWn=Wn*1e6;
+		UWi=Wi*1e6;
+		UWp=Wp*1e6;
+		ULMD=LMD*1e6;
+        UALFn=ALFn*1e-6;
+        UALFi=ALFi*1e-6;
+        UALFp=ALFp*1e-6;
+        UNin=Nin*1e-18;
+        UNip=Nip*1e-18;
+        UNd=Nd*1e-18;
+        UNa=Na*1e-18;
+        UUn=Un*1e12;
+        UVsn=Vsn*1e6;
+        UFth=Fth*1e-6;
+        UUp=Up*1e12;
+        UVsp=Vsp*1e6;
+        UDp=Dp*1e12;
+        UDn=Dn*1e12;
+        ULSPEED=`P_C*1e6;
+        UEPS0=`P_EPS0*1e-6;
+
+        Np0=UNip*UNip/UNa;
+        Pn0=UNin*UNin/UNd;
+        Ln=sqrt(UDn*Tn);
+        Lp=sqrt(UDp*Tp);
+        SIT1=pow(`P_Q,3)*sqrt(2*Mc*m0/(Eg*`P_Q))/(4*`M_PI*pow(PLANCK2PI,2));
+        SIT2=GAM*sqrt(Mc*m0*(Eg*`P_Q))/(`P_Q*PLANCK2PI)*(Eg*`P_Q);
+        // SIT1=sqrt(Mc/Eg)*3.159E4;
+        // SIT2=GAM*sqrt(Mc*Eg)*Eg*3.623E9;
+        HV=`P_H*ULSPEED/ULMD;
+        EAWn=exp(-UALFn*UWn);
+        EAWp=exp(-UALFp*UWp);
+        EAWi=exp(-UALFi*UWi);
+        Ln2=Ln*Ln;
+        Lp2=Lp*Lp;
+        ALFn2=UALFn*UALFn;
+        ALFp2=UALFp*UALFp;
+        CHPN=cosh(UWp/Ln);
+        SHPN=sinh(UWp/Ln);
+        CHNP=cosh(UWn/Lp);
+        SHNP=sinh(UWn/Lp);
+        BEATn0=(`P_Q*(1-R)*UALFp*Ln2/HV/(1.0-ALFp2*Ln2))*((CHPN+1.0)/(Ln*SHPN)+(EAWp-1.0)/(UALFp*Ln2*(CHPN-1.0))-UALFp);
+        BEATp0=(`P_Q*(1-R)*UALFn*Lp2/HV/(1.0-ALFn2*Lp2))*((CHNP+1.0)*EAWn/Lp/SHNP+(EAWn-1.0)/(UALFn*Lp2*(CHNP-1.0))+UALFn*EAWn);
+        if (Idi > 0) begin
+            Vop=`P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWn)/HV;
+            Voi=`P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWi)*EAWn/HV;
+            Von=`P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWp)*EAWn*EAWi/HV;
+            BEATn=BEATn0*EAWn*EAWi;
+            BEATp=BEATp0;
+        end
+        else begin
+            Vop=`P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWn)*EAWp*EAWi/HV;
+            Voi=`P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWi)*EAWp/HV;
+            Von=`P_Q*(1-R)*(1.0-EAWp)/HV;
+            BEATn=BEATn0;
+            BEATp=BEATp0*EAWp*EAWi;
+        end
+        Rp=Tp/Cno;
+        Rn=Tn/Cno;
+        Rnr=Tnr/Cno;
+        Rnd=Rn*(CHPN-1.0);
+        Rpd=Rp*(CHNP-1.0);
+        In0=(`P_Q/Tn)*UA*Np0*Ln*(CHPN+1.0)/SHPN;
+        Ip0=(`P_Q/Tp)*UA*Pn0*Lp*(CHNP+1.0)/SHNP;
+        Cj=EPSs*UEPS0*UA/UWi;
+
+        F=(V(Nvin,Ngnd)+Vbi)/UWi;
+        Vn=(UUn*F+UVsn*(pow((F/UFth),4)))/(1.0+(pow((F/UFth),4)));
+        Vp=UUp*F/(1.0+UUp*F/UVsp);
+        Tnt=UWi/Vn;
+        Rnt=Tnt/Cno;
+
+        V(Vin,Nvin) <+ I(Vin,Nvin)*Rs;
+        I(CCs) <+ ddt(V(CCs))*Cs;
+        I(CCj) <+ ddt(V(CCj))*Cj;
+        V(RRd) <+ I(RRd)*Rd;
+        I(Id) <+ SIT1*1E-6*UA*V(Id)*(V(Id)+Vbi)*exp(-SIT2*1E-6*UWi/(V(Id)+Vbi))/UWi;
+        I(Ii) <+ V(Npi,Gnd)/Rnt;
+        I(Ip) <+ V(Npp,Gnd)/Rpd+BEATp*V(Ipow,Gnd)+Ip0;
+
+        I(IVP) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Vop;
+        I(CCnoP) <+ ddt(V(CCnoP))*Cno;
+        V(RRp) <+ I(RRp)*Rp;
+        I(Iip) <+ V(Npp,Gnd)/Rpd+BEATp*V(Ipow,Gnd)+Ip0;
+
+        I(IVI) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Voi;
+        I(CCnoI) <+ ddt(V(CCnoI))*Cno;
+        I(Iini) <+ V(Npn,Gnd)/Rnd+BEATn*V(Ipow,Gnd)+In0;
+        V(RRnr) <+ I(RRnr)*Rnr;
+        I(Iii) <+ V(Npi,Gnd)/Rnt;
+
+        I(IVN) <+ V(Ipow,Gnd)*Von;
+        I(CCnoN) <+ ddt(V(CCnoN))*Cno;
+        V(RRn) <+ I(RRn)*Rn;
+        I(Iin) <+ V(Npn,Gnd)/Rnd+BEATn*V(Ipow,Gnd)+In0;
+
+		V(Gnd,Ngnd) <+ Rgnd*I(Gnd,Ngnd);
+    end
+
+endmodule
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1.0/ring/basicfilter.va b/1.0/ring/basicfilter.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3a2dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/basicfilter.va
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,basicfilter,veriloga
+//port position:
+//12
+//34
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module basicfilter(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real l_bus = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real r_ring = 7.5e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_tm = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_tm = 0;
+    parameter real neff_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real coupling_ring_te_up = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_tm_up = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_te_down = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_tm_down = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1T from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_tm = 0;
+    //parameter real coupling_tem = 0;
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+
+    real eeir2,eeii2,emir2,emii2,eeir3,eeii3,emir3,emii3;
+    real eeor1,eeoi1,emor1,emoi1,eeor4,eeoi4,emor4,emoi4;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t13r,t13i,t14r,t14i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i,t23r,t23i,t24r,t24i,t31r,t31i,t32r,t32i,t33r,t33i,t34r,t34i,t41r,t41i,t42r,t42i,t43r,t43i,t44r,t44i;
+    real beta_te,beta_tm;
+    real alpha_bus_te,alpha_bus_tm,alpha_ring_te,alpha_ring_tm;
+    real beta_bus_ter,beta_bus_tei,beta_bus_tmr,beta_bus_tmi,beta_ring_ter,beta_ring_tei,beta_ring_tmr,beta_ring_tmi;
+    real t_te_up,t_tm_up,t_te_down,t_tm_down;
+    real theta_ter,theta_tei,theta_tmr,theta_tmi;
+    real kappa_te_up,kappa_tm_up,kappa_te_down,kappa_tm_down;
+    real c1er,c1ei,c1em,c1mr,c1mi,c1mm,c2er,c2ei,c2em,c2mr,c2mi,c2mm,c3er,c3ei,c3em,c3mr,c3mi,c3mm;
+    real c1e1r,c1e1i,c1e2r,c1e2i,c1m1r,c1m1i,c1m2r,c1m2i;
+    real c2e1r,c2e1i,c2e2r,c2e2i,c2m1r,c2m1i,c2m2r,c2m2i;
+    real c3e1r,c3e1i,c3e2r,c3e2i,c3m1r,c3m1i,c3m2r,c3m2i;
+    real cber,cbei,cbmr,cbmi;
+    real l_ring=2*`M_PI*r_ring;
+    real phasedelay_bus_te_u=phasedelay_bus_te/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_bus_tm_u=phasedelay_bus_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_ring_te_u=phasedelay_ring_te/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_ring_tm_u=phasedelay_ring_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real lam,freq;
+    real iph2,iph3;
+
+    analog begin
+        if (V(Ilam1) == 0) begin
+            lam=V(Ilam2);
+        end
+        else if (V(Ilam2) == 0) begin
+            lam=V(Ilam1);
+        end
+        else begin
+            lam=V(Ilam1);
+        end
+        freq=`P_C/lam;
+        iph2=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        iph3=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+            eeii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+            emir2=0;
+            emii2=0;
+            eeir3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph3);
+            eeii3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph3);
+            emir3=0;
+            emii3=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir2=0;
+            eeii2=0;
+            emir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+            emii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+            eeir3=0;
+            eeii3=0;
+            emir3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph3);
+            emii3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph3);
+        end
+
+        beta_te=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        beta_tm=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 0) begin
+            alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te;
+            alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm;
+            alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te;
+            alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm;
+        end
+        else if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te/10.0*ln(10);
+            alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm/10.0*ln(10);
+            alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te/10.0*ln(10);
+            alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm/10.0*ln(10);
+        end
+
+
+        beta_bus_ter=beta_te;
+        beta_bus_tei=-0.5*alpha_bus_te;
+        beta_bus_tmr=beta_tm;
+        beta_bus_tmi=-0.5*alpha_bus_tm;
+        beta_ring_ter=beta_te;
+        beta_ring_tei=-0.5*alpha_ring_te;
+        beta_ring_tmr=beta_tm;
+        beta_ring_tmi=-0.5*alpha_ring_tm;
+
+        t_te_up=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_te_up);
+        t_tm_up=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_tm_up);
+        t_te_down=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_te_down);
+        t_tm_down=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_tm_down);
+        kappa_te_up=sqrt(coupling_ring_te_up);
+        kappa_tm_up=sqrt(coupling_ring_tm_up);
+        kappa_te_down=sqrt(coupling_ring_te_down);
+        kappa_tm_down=sqrt(coupling_ring_tm_down);
+        theta_ter=beta_ring_ter*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_te_u;
+        theta_tei=beta_ring_tei*l_ring;
+        theta_tmr=beta_ring_tmr*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_tm_u;
+        theta_tmi=beta_ring_tmi*l_ring;
+
+        c1e1r=kappa_te_up*kappa_te_down*exp(-theta_tei*0.5)*cos(theta_ter*0.5);
+        c1e1i=kappa_te_up*kappa_te_down*exp(-theta_tei*0.5)*sin(theta_ter*0.5);
+        c1e2r=t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c1e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c1em=pow(t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c1er=(c1e1r*c1e2r-c1e1i*c1e2i)/c1em;
+        c1ei=(c1e1r*c1e2i+c1e1i*c1e2r)/c1em;
+
+        c1m1r=kappa_tm_up*kappa_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi*0.5)*cos(theta_tmr*0.5);
+        c1m1i=kappa_tm_up*kappa_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi*0.5)*sin(theta_tmr*0.5);
+        c1m2r=t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c1m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c1mm=pow(t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c1mr=(c1m1r*c1m2r-c1m1i*c1m2i)/c1mm;
+        c1mi=(c1m1r*c1m2i+c1m1i*c1m2r)/c1mm;
+
+        c2e1r=t_te_up-t_te_down*exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c2e1i=-t_te_down*exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c2e2r=t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c2e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c2em=pow(t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c2er=(c2e1r*c2e2r-c2e1i*c2e2i)/c2em;
+        c2ei=(c2e1r*c2e2i+c2e1i*c2e2r)/c2em;
+
+        c2m1r=t_tm_up-t_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c2m1i=-t_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c2m2r=t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c2m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c2mm=pow(t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c2mr=(c2m1r*c2m2r-c2m1i*c2m2i)/c2mm;
+        c2mi=(c2m1r*c2m2i+c2m1i*c2m2r)/c2mm;
+
+        c3e1r=t_te_down-t_te_up*exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c3e1i=-t_te_up*exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c3e2r=t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c3e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c3em=pow(t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c3er=(c3e1r*c3e2r-c3e1i*c3e2i)/c3em;
+        c3ei=(c3e1r*c3e2i+c3e1i*c3e2r)/c3em;
+
+        c3m1r=t_tm_down-t_tm_up*exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c3m1i=-t_tm_up*exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c3m2r=t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c3m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c3mm=pow(t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c3mr=(c3m1r*c3m2r-c3m1i*c3m2i)/c3mm;
+        c3mi=(c3m1r*c3m2i+c3m1i*c3m2r)/c3mm;
+
+        cber=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te_u);
+        cbei=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te_u);
+        cbmr=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm_u);
+        cbmi=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm_u);
+
+        t11r=c1er*cber-c1ei*cbei;
+        t11i=c1er*cbei+c1ei*cber;
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t13r=c3er*cber-c3ei*cbei;
+        t13i=c3er*cbei+c3ei*cber;
+        t14r=0;
+        t14i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=c1mr*cbmr-c1mi*cbmi;
+        t22i=c1mr*cbmi+c1mi*cbmr;
+        t23r=0;
+        t23i=0;
+        t24r=c3mr*cbmr-c3mi*cbmi;
+        t24i=c3mr*cbmi+c3mi*cbmr;
+        t31r=c2er*cber-c2ei*cbei;
+        t31i=c2er*cbei+c2ei*cber;
+        t32r=0;
+        t32i=0;
+        t33r=c1er*cber-c1ei*cbei;
+        t33i=c1er*cbei+c1ei*cber;
+        t34r=0;
+        t34i=0;
+        t41r=0;
+        t41i=0;
+        t42r=c2mr*cbmr-c2mi*cbmi;
+        t42i=c2mr*cbmi+c2mi*cbmr;
+        t43r=0;
+        t43i=0;
+        t44r=c1mr*cbmr-c1mi*cbmi;
+        t44i=c1mr*cbmi+c1mi*cbmr;
+
+        eeor1=t11r*eeir2+t12r*emir2+t13r*eeir3+t14r*emir3-t11i*eeii2-t12i*emii2-t13i*eeii3-t14i*emii3;
+        eeoi1=t11r*eeii2+t12r*emii2+t13r*eeii3+t14r*emii3+t11i*eeir2+t12i*emir2+t13i*eeir3+t14i*emir3;
+        emor1=t21r*eeir2+t22r*emir2+t23r*eeir3+t24r*emir3-t21i*eeii2-t22i*emii2-t23i*eeii3-t24i*emii3;
+        emoi1=t21r*eeii2+t22r*emii2+t23r*eeii3+t24r*emii3+t21i*eeir2+t22i*emir2+t23i*eeir3+t24i*emir3;
+        eeor4=t31r*eeir2+t32r*emir2+t33r*eeir3+t34r*emir3-t31i*eeii2-t32i*emii2-t33i*eeii3-t34i*emii3;
+        eeoi4=t31r*eeii2+t32r*emii2+t33r*eeii3+t34r*emii3+t31i*eeir2+t32i*emir2+t33i*eeir3+t34i*emir3;
+        emor4=t41r*eeir2+t42r*emir2+t43r*eeir3+t44r*emir3-t41i*eeii2-t42i*emii2-t43i*eeii3-t44i*emii3;
+        emoi4=t41r*eeii2+t42r*emii2+t43r*eeii3+t44r*emii3+t41i*eeir2+t42i*emir2+t43i*eeir3+t44i*emir3;
+
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(eeor1,2)+pow(eeoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(eeoi1,eeor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(eeor4,2)+pow(eeoi4,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(eeoi4,eeor4)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(emor1,2)+pow(emoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(emoi1,emor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(emor4,2)+pow(emoi4,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(emoi4,emor4)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        V(Olam1) <+ lam;
+        V(Olam2) <+ lam;
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/basicfilter_withv.va b/1.0/ring/basicfilter_withv.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a57ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/basicfilter_withv.va
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,basicfilter_withv,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_TABLE_SIZE 1000
+
+module basicfilter_withv(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Vbias);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real l_bus = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real r_ring = 7.5e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_tm = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_tm = 0;
+    parameter integer read_neff = 0 from [0:1];
+    parameter string file_neff_bus_te = "./neff_bus_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_neff_bus_tm = "./neff_bus_tm.txt";
+    parameter string file_neff_ring_te = "./neff_ring_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_neff_ring_tm = "./neff_ring_tm.txt";
+    parameter string file_deltaneff_te = "./deltaneff_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_deltaneff_tm = "./deltaneff_tm.txt";
+    parameter real neff_bus_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_bus_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_ring_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_ring_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real delta_neff_perv_te = 0;
+    parameter real delta_neff_perv_tm = 0;
+    parameter real delta_attenu_perv_te = 0;
+    parameter real delta_attenu_perv_tm = 0;
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1T from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_bus_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_bus_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_ring_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_ring_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_bus_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_bus_tm = 0;
+    parameter real disper_ring_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_ring_tm = 0;
+    parameter integer read_coupling_ring = 0 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_te_up = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_tm_up = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_te_down = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_tm_down = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter string file_coupling_ring_te_up = "./coupling_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_coupling_ring_tm_up = "./coupling_tm.txt";
+    parameter string file_coupling_ring_te_down = "./coupling_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_coupling_ring_tm_down = "./coupling_tm.txt";
+    //parameter real coupling_tem = 0;
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Vbias;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Vbias;
+
+    real eeir2,eeii2,emir2,emii2,eeir3,eeii3,emir3,emii3;
+    real eeor1,eeoi1,emor1,emoi1,eeor4,eeoi4,emor4,emoi4;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t13r,t13i,t14r,t14i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i,t23r,t23i,t24r,t24i,t31r,t31i,t32r,t32i,t33r,t33i,t34r,t34i,t41r,t41i,t42r,t42i,t43r,t43i,t44r,t44i;
+    real neff_bus_ter,neff_bus_tei,neff_bus_tmr,neff_bus_tmi;
+    real neff_ring_ter,neff_ring_tei,neff_ring_tmr,neff_ring_tmi;
+    real beta_bus_te,beta_bus_tm,beta_ring_te,beta_ring_tm;
+    real alpha_bus_te,alpha_bus_tm,alpha_ring_te,alpha_ring_tm;
+    real beta_bus_ter,beta_bus_tei,beta_bus_tmr,beta_bus_tmi,beta_ring_ter,beta_ring_tei,beta_ring_tmr,beta_ring_tmi;
+    real t_te_up,t_tm_up,t_te_down,t_tm_down;
+    real theta_ter,theta_tei,theta_tmr,theta_tmi;
+    real kappa_te_up,kappa_tm_up,kappa_te_down,kappa_tm_down;
+    real c1er,c1ei,c1em,c1mr,c1mi,c1mm,c2er,c2ei,c2em,c2mr,c2mi,c2mm,c3er,c3ei,c3em,c3mr,c3mi,c3mm;
+    real c1e1r,c1e1i,c1e2r,c1e2i,c1m1r,c1m1i,c1m2r,c1m2i;
+    real c2e1r,c2e1i,c2e2r,c2e2i,c2m1r,c2m1i,c2m2r,c2m2i;
+    real c3e1r,c3e1i,c3e2r,c3e2i,c3m1r,c3m1i,c3m2r,c3m2i;
+    real cber,cbei,cbmr,cbmi;
+    real l_ring=2*`M_PI*r_ring;
+    real freq,lam;
+    real neff_bus_ter_u,neff_bus_tmr_u,neff_ring_ter_u,neff_ring_tmr_u;
+    real neff_bus_tei_u,neff_bus_tmi_u,neff_ring_tei_u,neff_ring_tmi_u;
+    real coupling_ring_te_up_u,coupling_ring_tm_up_u,coupling_ring_te_down_u,coupling_ring_tm_down_u;
+    real attenu_bus_te_u,attenu_bus_tm_u,attenu_ring_te_u,attenu_ring_tm_u;
+    real delta_neff_ter,delta_neff_tei,delta_neff_tmr,delta_neff_tmi;
+    real phasedelay_bus_te_u=phasedelay_bus_te/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_bus_tm_u=phasedelay_bus_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_ring_te_u=phasedelay_ring_te/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+    real phasedelay_ring_tm_u=phasedelay_ring_tm/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+
+    integer file_te,file_tm;
+    integer file_bus_te,file_bus_tm,file_ring_te,file_ring_tm;
+    real neff_bus_te_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_tm_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_te_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_tm_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_te_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_te_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_tm_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_tm_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_te_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_te_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_tm_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_tm_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_te_up_data[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_tm_up_data[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_te_down_data[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_tm_down_data[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_te_vdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_tm_vdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_te_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_te_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_tm_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_tm_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    integer num_lines_neff_bus_te,num_lines_neff_bus_tm,num_lines_neff_ring_te,num_lines_neff_ring_tm;
+    integer num_lines_coupling_te,num_lines_coupling_tm;
+    integer num_lines_deltaneff_te,num_lines_deltaneff_tm;
+
+    integer i;
+    integer readfile_neff=0;
+    integer readfile_coupling_ring=0;
+    integer readfile_delta_neff=0;
+
+    real iph2,iph3;
+    analog begin
+        if (V(Ilam2) == 0) begin
+            lam=V(Ilam1);
+        end
+        else if (V(Ilam1) == 0) begin
+            lam=V(Ilam2);
+        end
+        else begin
+            lam=V(Ilam2);
+        end
+        freq=`P_C/lam;
+        iph2=V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        iph3=V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+            eeii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+            emir2=0;
+            emii2=0;
+            eeir3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph3);
+            eeii3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph3);
+            emir3=0;
+            emii3=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir2=0;
+            eeii2=0;
+            emir2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(iph2);
+            emii2=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(iph2);
+            eeir3=0;
+            eeii3=0;
+            emir3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(iph3);
+            emii3=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(iph3);
+        end
+
+        if (read_neff == 1) begin
+            if (readfile_neff == 0) begin
+                readfile_neff=1;
+            end
+            if (readfile_delta_neff == 0) begin
+                readfile_delta_neff=1;
+            end
+        end
+        else begin
+            delta_neff_ter=delta_neff_perv_te*V(Vbias);
+            delta_neff_tmr=delta_neff_perv_tm*V(Vbias);
+            beta_bus_te=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_bus_te)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_bus_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_bus_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            beta_bus_tm=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_bus_tm)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_bus_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_bus_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            beta_ring_te=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_ring_te+delta_neff_ter)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_ring_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_ring_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            beta_ring_tm=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_ring_tm+delta_neff_tmr)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_ring_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_ring_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            attenu_bus_te_u=attenu_bus_te;
+            attenu_bus_tm_u=attenu_bus_tm;
+            attenu_ring_te_u=attenu_ring_te+delta_attenu_perv_te*V(Vbias);
+            attenu_ring_tm_u=attenu_ring_tm+delta_attenu_perv_tm*V(Vbias);
+            if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+                alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te_u/10*ln(10);
+                alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm_u/10*ln(10);
+                alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te_u/10*ln(10);
+                alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm_u/10*ln(10);
+            end
+            else begin
+                alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te_u;
+                alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm_u;
+                alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te_u;
+                alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm_u;
+            end
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_delta_neff == 1) begin
+            file_te=$fopen(file_deltaneff_te,"r");
+            file_tm=$fopen(file_deltaneff_tm,"r");
+            if (file_te == 0 && file_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_deltaneff_te,file_deltaneff_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_te,"%d",num_lines_deltaneff_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_te,"%f %f %f",delta_neff_te_vdata[i],delta_neff_te_data_r[i],delta_neff_te_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_deltaneff_tm,file_deltaneff_te);
+                    num_lines_deltaneff_tm=num_lines_deltaneff_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        delta_neff_tm_vdata[i]=delta_neff_te_vdata[i];
+                        delta_neff_tm_data_r[i]=delta_neff_te_data_r[i];
+                        delta_neff_tm_data_i[i]=delta_neff_te_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_tm,"%d",num_lines_deltaneff_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_tm,"%f %f %f",delta_neff_tm_vdata[i],delta_neff_tm_data_r[i],delta_neff_tm_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_deltaneff_te,file_deltaneff_tm);
+                    num_lines_deltaneff_te=num_lines_deltaneff_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        delta_neff_te_vdata[i]=delta_neff_tm_vdata[i];
+                        delta_neff_te_data_r[i]=delta_neff_tm_data_r[i];
+                        delta_neff_te_data_i[i]=delta_neff_tm_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_te);
+            $fclose(file_tm);
+            readfile_delta_neff=2;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_delta_neff == 2) begin
+            delta_neff_ter=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_te_vdata,delta_neff_te_data_r,"3E");
+            delta_neff_tei=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_te_vdata,delta_neff_te_data_i,"3E");
+            if (V(Vbias) < delta_neff_te_vdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_te table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+            else if (V(Vbias) > delta_neff_te_vdata[num_lines_deltaneff_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_te table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+            delta_neff_tmr=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_tm_vdata,delta_neff_tm_data_r,"3E");
+            delta_neff_tmi=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_tm_vdata,delta_neff_tm_data_i,"3E");
+            if (V(Vbias) < delta_neff_tm_vdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_tm table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+            else if (V(Vbias) > delta_neff_tm_vdata[num_lines_deltaneff_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_tm table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_neff == 1) begin
+            file_bus_te=$fopen(file_neff_bus_te,"r");
+            file_bus_tm=$fopen(file_neff_bus_tm,"r");
+            file_ring_te=$fopen(file_neff_ring_te,"r");
+            file_ring_tm=$fopen(file_neff_ring_tm,"r");
+            if (file_bus_te == 0 && file_bus_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_neff_bus_te,file_neff_bus_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_ring_te == 0 && file_ring_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_neff_ring_te,file_neff_ring_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_bus_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_bus_te,"%d",num_lines_neff_bus_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_bus_te,"%f %f %f",neff_bus_te_lamdata[i],neff_bus_te_data_r[i],neff_bus_te_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_bus_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_bus_tm,file_neff_bus_te);
+                    num_lines_neff_bus_tm=num_lines_neff_bus_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_bus_tm_lamdata[i]=neff_bus_te_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_bus_tm_data_r[i]=neff_bus_te_data_r[i];
+                        neff_bus_tm_data_i[i]=neff_bus_te_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_bus_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_bus_tm,"%d",num_lines_neff_bus_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_bus_tm,"%f %f %f",neff_bus_tm_lamdata[i],neff_bus_tm_data_r[i],neff_bus_tm_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_bus_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_bus_te,file_neff_bus_tm);
+                    num_lines_neff_bus_te=num_lines_neff_bus_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_bus_te_lamdata[i]=neff_bus_tm_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_bus_te_data_r[i]=neff_bus_tm_data_r[i];
+                        neff_bus_te_data_i[i]=neff_bus_tm_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_bus_te);
+            $fclose(file_bus_tm);
+            if (file_ring_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_ring_te,"%d",num_lines_neff_ring_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_ring_te,"%f %f %f",neff_ring_te_lamdata[i],neff_ring_te_data_r[i],neff_ring_te_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_ring_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_ring_tm,file_neff_ring_te);
+                    num_lines_neff_ring_tm=num_lines_neff_ring_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_ring_tm_lamdata[i]=neff_ring_te_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_ring_tm_data_r[i]=neff_ring_te_data_r[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_ring_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_ring_tm,"%d",num_lines_neff_ring_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_ring_tm,"%f %f %f",neff_ring_tm_lamdata[i],neff_ring_tm_data_r[i],neff_ring_tm_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_ring_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_ring_te,file_neff_ring_tm);
+                    num_lines_neff_ring_te=num_lines_neff_ring_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_ring_te_lamdata[i]=neff_ring_tm_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_ring_te_data_r[i]=neff_ring_tm_data_r[i];
+                        neff_ring_te_data_i[i]=neff_ring_tm_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_ring_te);
+            $fclose(file_ring_tm);
+            readfile_neff=2;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_neff ==2) begin
+            neff_bus_ter_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_te_lamdata,neff_bus_te_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_bus_tei_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_te_lamdata,neff_bus_te_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_bus_te_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_te table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_bus_te_lamdata[num_lines_neff_bus_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_te table",lam);
+            end
+            neff_bus_tmr_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_tm_lamdata,neff_bus_tm_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_bus_tmi_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_tm_lamdata,neff_bus_tm_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_bus_tm_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_bus_tm_lamdata[num_lines_neff_bus_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            neff_ring_ter_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_te_lamdata,neff_ring_te_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_ring_tei_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_te_lamdata,neff_ring_te_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_ring_te_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_ring_te_lamdata[num_lines_neff_ring_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            neff_ring_tmr_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_tm_lamdata,neff_ring_tm_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_ring_tmi_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_tm_lamdata,neff_ring_tm_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_ring_tm_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_ring_tm_lamdata[num_lines_neff_ring_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            beta_bus_te=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_bus_ter_u);
+            beta_bus_tm=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_bus_tmr_u);
+            beta_ring_te=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_ring_ter_u+delta_neff_ter);
+            beta_ring_tm=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_ring_tmr_u+delta_neff_tmr);
+            alpha_bus_te=4*`M_PI*neff_bus_tei_u/lam;
+            alpha_bus_tm=4*`M_PI*neff_bus_tmi_u/lam;
+            alpha_ring_te=4*`M_PI*(neff_ring_tei_u+delta_neff_tei)/lam;
+            alpha_ring_tm=4*`M_PI*(neff_ring_tmi_u+delta_neff_tmi)/lam;
+        end
+
+        if (read_coupling_ring == 1) begin
+            if (readfile_coupling_ring == 0) begin
+                readfile_coupling_ring=1;
+            end
+        end
+        else begin
+            coupling_ring_te_up_u=coupling_ring_te_up;
+            coupling_ring_tm_up_u=coupling_ring_tm_up;
+            coupling_ring_te_down_u=coupling_ring_te_down;
+            coupling_ring_tm_down_u=coupling_ring_tm_down;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_coupling_ring == 1) begin
+            file_te=$fopen(file_coupling_ring_te_up,"r");
+            file_tm=$fopen(file_coupling_ring_tm_up,"r");
+            if (file_te == 0 && file_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_coupling_ring_te_up,file_coupling_ring_tm_up);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_te,"%d",num_lines_coupling_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_te,"%f %f",coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata[i],coupling_ring_te_up_data[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_coupling_ring_tm_up,file_coupling_ring_te_up);
+                    num_lines_coupling_tm=num_lines_coupling_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata[i]=coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata[i];
+                        coupling_ring_tm_up_data[i]=coupling_ring_te_up_data[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_tm,"%d",num_lines_coupling_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_tm,"%f %f",coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata[i],coupling_ring_tm_up_data[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_coupling_ring_te_up,file_coupling_ring_tm_up);
+                    num_lines_coupling_te=num_lines_coupling_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata[i]=coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata[i];
+                        coupling_ring_te_up_data[i]=coupling_ring_tm_up_data[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_te);
+            $fclose(file_tm);
+
+            file_te=$fopen(file_coupling_ring_te_down,"r");
+            file_tm=$fopen(file_coupling_ring_tm_down,"r");
+            if (file_te == 0 && file_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_coupling_ring_te_down,file_coupling_ring_tm_down);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_te,"%d",num_lines_coupling_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_te,"%f %f",coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata[i],coupling_ring_te_down_data[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_coupling_ring_tm_down,file_coupling_ring_te_down);
+                    num_lines_coupling_tm=num_lines_coupling_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata[i]=coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata[i];
+                        coupling_ring_tm_down_data[i]=coupling_ring_te_down_data[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_tm,"%d",num_lines_coupling_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_tm,"%f %f",coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata[i],coupling_ring_tm_down_data[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_coupling_ring_te_down,file_coupling_ring_tm_down);
+                    num_lines_coupling_te=num_lines_coupling_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata[i]=coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata[i];
+                        coupling_ring_te_down_data[i]=coupling_ring_tm_down_data[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_te);
+            $fclose(file_tm);
+            readfile_coupling_ring=2;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_coupling_ring ==2) begin
+            coupling_ring_te_up_u=$table_model(lam,coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata,coupling_ring_te_up_data,"3E");
+            coupling_ring_te_down_u=$table_model(lam,coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata,coupling_ring_te_down_data,"3E");
+            if (lam < coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata[0] || lam < coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > coupling_ring_te_up_lamdata[num_lines_coupling_te-1] || lam > coupling_ring_te_down_lamdata[num_lines_coupling_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            coupling_ring_tm_up_u=$table_model(lam,coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata,coupling_ring_tm_up_data,"3E");
+            coupling_ring_tm_down_u=$table_model(lam,coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata,coupling_ring_tm_down_data,"3E");
+            if (lam < coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata[0] || lam < coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > coupling_ring_tm_up_lamdata[num_lines_coupling_tm-1] || lam > coupling_ring_tm_down_lamdata[num_lines_coupling_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+        end
+
+        beta_bus_ter=beta_bus_te;
+        beta_bus_tei=-0.5*alpha_bus_te;
+        beta_bus_tmr=beta_bus_tm;
+        beta_bus_tmi=-0.5*alpha_bus_tm;
+        beta_ring_ter=beta_ring_te;
+        beta_ring_tei=-0.5*alpha_ring_te;
+        beta_ring_tmr=beta_ring_tm;
+        beta_ring_tmi=-0.5*alpha_ring_tm;
+
+        t_te_up=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_te_up_u);
+        t_tm_up=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_tm_up_u);
+        t_te_down=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_te_down_u);
+        t_tm_down=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_tm_down_u);
+        kappa_te_up=sqrt(coupling_ring_te_up_u);
+        kappa_tm_up=sqrt(coupling_ring_tm_up_u);
+        kappa_te_down=sqrt(coupling_ring_te_down_u);
+        kappa_tm_down=sqrt(coupling_ring_tm_down_u);
+        theta_ter=beta_ring_ter*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_te_u;
+        theta_tei=beta_ring_tei*l_ring;
+        theta_tmr=beta_ring_tmr*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_tm_u;
+        theta_tmi=beta_ring_tmi*l_ring;
+
+        c1e1r=kappa_te_up*kappa_te_down*exp(-theta_tei*0.5)*cos(theta_ter*0.5);
+        c1e1i=kappa_te_up*kappa_te_down*exp(-theta_tei*0.5)*sin(theta_ter*0.5);
+        c1e2r=t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c1e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c1em=pow(t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c1er=(c1e1r*c1e2r-c1e1i*c1e2i)/c1em;
+        c1ei=(c1e1r*c1e2i+c1e1i*c1e2r)/c1em;
+
+        c1m1r=kappa_tm_up*kappa_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi*0.5)*cos(theta_tmr*0.5);
+        c1m1i=kappa_tm_up*kappa_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi*0.5)*sin(theta_tmr*0.5);
+        c1m2r=t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c1m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c1mm=pow(t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c1mr=(c1m1r*c1m2r-c1m1i*c1m2i)/c1mm;
+        c1mi=(c1m1r*c1m2i+c1m1i*c1m2r)/c1mm;
+
+        c2e1r=t_te_up-t_te_down*exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c2e1i=-t_te_down*exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c2e2r=t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c2e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c2em=pow(t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c2er=(c2e1r*c2e2r-c2e1i*c2e2i)/c2em;
+        c2ei=(c2e1r*c2e2i+c2e1i*c2e2r)/c2em;
+
+        c2m1r=t_tm_up-t_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c2m1i=-t_tm_down*exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c2m2r=t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c2m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c2mm=pow(t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c2mr=(c2m1r*c2m2r-c2m1i*c2m2i)/c2mm;
+        c2mi=(c2m1r*c2m2i+c2m1i*c2m2r)/c2mm;
+
+        c3e1r=t_te_down-t_te_up*exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c3e1i=-t_te_up*exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c3e2r=t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c3e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c3em=pow(t_te_up*t_te_down-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c3er=(c3e1r*c3e2r-c3e1i*c3e2i)/c3em;
+        c3ei=(c3e1r*c3e2i+c3e1i*c3e2r)/c3em;
+
+        c3m1r=t_tm_down-t_tm_up*exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c3m1i=-t_tm_up*exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c3m2r=t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c3m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c3mm=pow(t_tm_up*t_tm_down-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c3mr=(c3m1r*c3m2r-c3m1i*c3m2i)/c3mm;
+        c3mi=(c3m1r*c3m2i+c3m1i*c3m2r)/c3mm;
+
+        cber=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te_u);
+        cbei=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te_u);
+        cbmr=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm_u);
+        cbmi=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm_u);
+
+        t11r=c1er*cber-c1ei*cbei;
+        t11i=c1er*cbei+c1ei*cber;
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t13r=c3er*cber-c3ei*cbei;
+        t13i=c3er*cbei+c3ei*cber;
+        t14r=0;
+        t14i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=c1mr*cbmr-c1mi*cbmi;
+        t22i=c1mr*cbmi+c1mi*cbmr;
+        t23r=0;
+        t23i=0;
+        t24r=c3mr*cbmr-c3mi*cbmi;
+        t24i=c3mr*cbmi+c3mi*cbmr;
+        t31r=c2er*cber-c2ei*cbei;
+        t31i=c2er*cbei+c2ei*cber;
+        t32r=0;
+        t32i=0;
+        t33r=c1er*cber-c1ei*cbei;
+        t33i=c1er*cbei+c1ei*cber;
+        t34r=0;
+        t34i=0;
+        t41r=0;
+        t41i=0;
+        t42r=c2mr*cbmr-c2mi*cbmi;
+        t42i=c2mr*cbmi+c2mi*cbmr;
+        t43r=0;
+        t43i=0;
+        t44r=c1mr*cbmr-c1mi*cbmi;
+        t44i=c1mr*cbmi+c1mi*cbmr;
+
+        eeor1=t11r*eeir2+t12r*emir2+t13r*eeir3+t14r*emir3-t11i*eeii2-t12i*emii2-t13i*eeii3-t14i*emii3;
+        eeoi1=t11r*eeii2+t12r*emii2+t13r*eeii3+t14r*emii3+t11i*eeir2+t12i*emir2+t13i*eeir3+t14i*emir3;
+        emor1=t21r*eeir2+t22r*emir2+t23r*eeir3+t24r*emir3-t21i*eeii2-t22i*emii2-t23i*eeii3-t24i*emii3;
+        emoi1=t21r*eeii2+t22r*emii2+t23r*eeii3+t24r*emii3+t21i*eeir2+t22i*emir2+t23i*eeir3+t24i*emir3;
+        eeor4=t31r*eeir2+t32r*emir2+t33r*eeir3+t34r*emir3-t31i*eeii2-t32i*emii2-t33i*eeii3-t34i*emii3;
+        eeoi4=t31r*eeii2+t32r*emii2+t33r*eeii3+t34r*emii3+t31i*eeir2+t32i*emir2+t33i*eeir3+t34i*emir3;
+        emor4=t41r*eeir2+t42r*emir2+t43r*eeir3+t44r*emir3-t41i*eeii2-t42i*emii2-t43i*eeii3-t44i*emii3;
+        emoi4=t41r*eeii2+t42r*emii2+t43r*eeii3+t44r*emii3+t41i*eeir2+t42i*emir2+t43i*eeir3+t44i*emir3;
+
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(eeor1,2)+pow(eeoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(eeoi1,eeor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(eeor4,2)+pow(eeoi4,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(eeoi4,eeor4)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow1) <+ pow(emor1,2)+pow(emoi1,2);
+            V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(emoi1,emor1)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+            V(Opow2) <+ pow(emor4,2)+pow(emoi4,2);
+            V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(emoi4,emor4)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        V(Olam1) <+ lam;
+        V(Olam2) <+ lam;
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/basicreso.va b/1.0/ring/basicreso.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0deaae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/basicreso.va
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,basicreso,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module basicreso(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real l_bus = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real r_ring = 7.5e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_tm = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_tm = 0;
+    parameter real neff_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real coupling_ring_te = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_tm = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1T from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    //parameter real coupling_tem = 0;
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+
+    real eeir,eeii,emir,emii;
+    real eeor,eeoi,emor,emoi;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i;
+    real beta_te,beta_tm;
+    real alpha_bus_te,alpha_bus_tm,alpha_ring_te,alpha_ring_tm;
+    real beta_bus_ter,beta_bus_tei,beta_bus_tmr,beta_bus_tmi,beta_ring_ter,beta_ring_tei,beta_ring_tmr,beta_ring_tmi;
+    real t_te,t_tm,theta_ter,theta_tei,theta_tmr,theta_tmi;
+    real c1e1r,c1e1i,c1e2r,c1e2i,c1m1r,c1m1i,c1m2r,c1m2i;
+    real c11r,c11i,c11m,c12r,c12i,c12m;
+    real c21r,c21i,c22r,c22i;
+    real l_ring=2*`M_PI*r_ring;
+    real freq;
+    real iph;
+
+    analog begin
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        iph=V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            eeii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+            emir=0;
+            emii=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir=0;
+            eeii=0;
+            emir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            emii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+        end
+
+        beta_te=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_te+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        beta_tm=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*neff_tm+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+        if (alpha_use_dBm == 0) begin
+            alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te;
+            alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm;
+            alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te;
+            alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm;
+        end
+        else if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+            alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te/10.0*ln(10);
+            alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm/10.0*ln(10);
+            alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te/10.0*ln(10);
+            alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm/10.0*ln(10);
+        end
+
+        beta_bus_ter=beta_te;
+        beta_bus_tei=-0.5*alpha_bus_te;
+        beta_bus_tmr=beta_tm;
+        beta_bus_tmi=-0.5*alpha_bus_tm;
+        beta_ring_ter=beta_te;
+        beta_ring_tei=-0.5*alpha_ring_te;
+        beta_ring_tmr=beta_tm;
+        beta_ring_tmi=-0.5*alpha_ring_tm;
+
+        t_te=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_te);
+        t_tm=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_tm);
+        theta_ter=beta_ring_ter*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_te/360.0*`M_PI*2;
+        theta_tei=beta_ring_tei*l_ring;
+        theta_tmr=beta_ring_tmr*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_tm/360.0*`M_PI*2;
+        theta_tmi=beta_ring_tmi*l_ring;
+
+        c1e1r=1-t_te*exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c1e1i=-t_te*exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c1e2r=t_te-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c1e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c11m=pow(t_te-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c11r=(c1e1r*c1e2r-c1e1i*c1e2i)/c11m;
+        c11i=(c1e1r*c1e2i+c1e1i*c1e2r)/c11m;
+
+        c1m1r=1-t_tm*exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c1m1i=-t_tm*exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c1m2r=t_tm-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c1m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c12m=pow(t_tm-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c12r=(c1m1r*c1m2r-c1m1i*c1m2i)/c12m;
+        c12i=(c1m1r*c1m2i+c1m1i*c1m2r)/c12m;
+
+        c21r=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+        c21i=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+        c22r=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+        c22i=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+
+        t11r=c11r*c21r-c11i*c21i;
+        t11i=c11r*c21i+c11i*c21r;
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=c12r*c22r-c12i*c22i;
+        t22i=c12r*c22i+c12i*c22r;
+
+        eeor=t11r*eeir-t11i*eeii+t12r*emir-t12i*emii;
+        eeoi=t11r*eeii+t11i*eeir+t12r*emii+t12i*emir;
+        emor=t21r*eeir-t21i*eeii+t22r*emir-t22i*emii;
+        emoi=t21r*eeii+t21i*eeir+t22r*emii+t22i*emir;
+
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ eeor*eeor+eeoi*eeoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eeoi,eeor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ emor*emor+emoi*emoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(emoi,emor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/basicreso_withv.va b/1.0/ring/basicreso_withv.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a15b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/basicreso_withv.va
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,basicreso_withv,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_TABLE_SIZE 1000
+
+module basicreso_withv(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vbias);
+    parameter integer modespec = 1 from [1:2];
+    parameter integer alpha_use_dBm = 1 from [0:1];
+    parameter real l_bus = 1e-3 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real r_ring = 7.5e-6 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_bus_tm = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_te = 0;
+    parameter real phasedelay_ring_tm = 0;
+    parameter integer read_neff = 0 from [0:1];
+    parameter string file_neff_bus_te = "./neff_bus_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_neff_bus_tm = "./neff_bus_tm.txt";
+    parameter string file_neff_ring_te = "./neff_ring_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_neff_ring_tm = "./neff_ring_tm.txt";
+    parameter string file_deltaneff_te = "./deltaneff_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_deltaneff_tm = "./deltaneff_tm.txt";
+    parameter real neff_bus_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_bus_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_ring_te = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff_ring_tm = 2.6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_bus_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_te = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real attenu_ring_tm = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real delta_neff_perv_te = 0;
+    parameter real delta_neff_perv_tm = 0;
+    parameter real delta_attenu_perv_te = 0;
+    parameter real delta_attenu_perv_tm = 0;
+    parameter real reffreq = 193.1T from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_bus_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_bus_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_ring_te = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real n_gv_ring_tm = 4.2 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real disper_bus_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_bus_tm = 0;
+    parameter real disper_ring_te = 0;
+    parameter real disper_ring_tm = 0;
+    parameter integer read_coupling_ring = 0 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_te = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter real coupling_ring_tm = 0.145 from [0:1];
+    parameter string file_coupling_ring_te = "./coupling_te.txt";
+    parameter string file_coupling_ring_tm = "./coupling_tm.txt";
+    //parameter real coupling_tem = 0;
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vbias;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vbias;
+
+    real eeir,eeii,emir,emii;
+    real eeor,eeoi,emor,emoi;
+    real t11r,t11i,t12r,t12i,t21r,t21i,t22r,t22i;
+    real neff_bus_ter,neff_bus_tei,neff_bus_tmr,neff_bus_tmi;
+    real neff_ring_ter,neff_ring_tei,neff_ring_tmr,neff_ring_tmi;
+    real beta_bus_te,beta_bus_tm,beta_ring_te,beta_ring_tm;
+    real alpha_bus_te,alpha_bus_tm,alpha_ring_te,alpha_ring_tm;
+    real beta_bus_ter,beta_bus_tei,beta_bus_tmr,beta_bus_tmi,beta_ring_ter,beta_ring_tei,beta_ring_tmr,beta_ring_tmi;
+    real t_te,t_tm,theta_ter,theta_tei,theta_tmr,theta_tmi;
+    real c1e1r,c1e1i,c1e2r,c1e2i,c1m1r,c1m1i,c1m2r,c1m2i;
+    real c11r,c11i,c11m,c12r,c12i,c12m;
+    real c21r,c21i,c22r,c22i;
+    real l_ring=2*`M_PI*r_ring;
+    real freq,lam;
+    real neff_bus_ter_u,neff_bus_tmr_u,neff_ring_ter_u,neff_ring_tmr_u;
+    real neff_bus_tei_u,neff_bus_tmi_u,neff_ring_tei_u,neff_ring_tmi_u;
+    real coupling_ring_te_u,coupling_ring_tm_u;
+    real attenu_bus_te_u,attenu_bus_tm_u,attenu_ring_te_u,attenu_ring_tm_u;
+    real delta_neff_ter,delta_neff_tei,delta_neff_tmr,delta_neff_tmi;
+
+    integer file_te,file_tm;
+    integer file_bus_te,file_bus_tm,file_ring_te,file_ring_tm;
+    real neff_bus_te_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_tm_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_te_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_tm_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_te_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_te_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_tm_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_bus_tm_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_te_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_te_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_tm_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real neff_ring_tm_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_te_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_tm_lamdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_te_data[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real coupling_ring_tm_data[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_te_vdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_tm_vdata[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_te_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_te_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_tm_data_r[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    real delta_neff_tm_data_i[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE-1];
+    integer num_lines_neff_bus_te,num_lines_neff_bus_tm,num_lines_neff_ring_te,num_lines_neff_ring_tm;
+    integer num_lines_coupling_te,num_lines_coupling_tm;
+    integer num_lines_deltaneff_te,num_lines_deltaneff_tm;
+
+    integer i;
+    integer readfile_neff=0;
+    integer readfile_coupling_ring=0;
+    integer readfile_delta_neff=0;
+
+    real iph;
+
+    analog begin
+        lam=V(Ilam);
+        freq=`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        iph=V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI;
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            eeir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            eeii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+            emir=0;
+            emii=0;
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            eeir=0;
+            eeii=0;
+            emir=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(iph);
+            emii=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(iph);
+        end
+
+        if (read_neff == 1) begin
+            if (readfile_neff == 0) begin
+                readfile_neff=1;
+            end
+            if (readfile_delta_neff == 0) begin
+                readfile_delta_neff=1;
+            end
+        end
+        else begin
+            delta_neff_ter=delta_neff_perv_te*V(Vbias);
+            delta_neff_tmr=delta_neff_perv_tm*V(Vbias);
+            beta_bus_te=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_bus_te)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_bus_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_bus_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            beta_bus_tm=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_bus_tm)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_bus_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_bus_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            beta_ring_te=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_ring_te+delta_neff_ter)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_ring_te*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_ring_te/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            beta_ring_tm=2*`M_PI*reffreq/`P_C*(neff_ring_tm+delta_neff_tmr)+2*`M_PI/`P_C*n_gv_ring_tm*(freq-reffreq)-`M_PI*`P_C*disper_ring_tm/pow(reffreq,2)*pow(freq-reffreq,2);
+            attenu_bus_te_u=attenu_bus_te;
+            attenu_bus_tm_u=attenu_bus_tm;
+            attenu_ring_te_u=attenu_ring_te+delta_attenu_perv_te*V(Vbias);
+            attenu_ring_tm_u=attenu_ring_tm+delta_attenu_perv_tm*V(Vbias);
+            if (alpha_use_dBm == 1) begin
+                alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te_u/10*ln(10);
+                alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm_u/10*ln(10);
+                alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te_u/10*ln(10);
+                alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm_u/10*ln(10);
+            end
+            else begin
+                alpha_bus_te=attenu_bus_te_u;
+                alpha_bus_tm=attenu_bus_tm_u;
+                alpha_ring_te=attenu_ring_te_u;
+                alpha_ring_tm=attenu_ring_tm_u;
+            end
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_delta_neff == 1) begin
+            file_te=$fopen(file_deltaneff_te,"r");
+            file_tm=$fopen(file_deltaneff_tm,"r");
+            if (file_te == 0 && file_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_deltaneff_te,file_deltaneff_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_te,"%d",num_lines_deltaneff_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_te,"%f %f %f",delta_neff_te_vdata[i],delta_neff_te_data_r[i],delta_neff_te_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_deltaneff_tm,file_deltaneff_te);
+                    num_lines_deltaneff_tm=num_lines_deltaneff_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        delta_neff_tm_vdata[i]=delta_neff_te_vdata[i];
+                        delta_neff_tm_data_r[i]=delta_neff_te_data_r[i];
+                        delta_neff_tm_data_i[i]=delta_neff_te_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_tm,"%d",num_lines_deltaneff_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_tm,"%f %f %f",delta_neff_tm_vdata[i],delta_neff_tm_data_r[i],delta_neff_tm_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_deltaneff_te,file_deltaneff_tm);
+                    num_lines_deltaneff_te=num_lines_deltaneff_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_deltaneff_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        delta_neff_te_vdata[i]=delta_neff_tm_vdata[i];
+                        delta_neff_te_data_r[i]=delta_neff_tm_data_r[i];
+                        delta_neff_te_data_i[i]=delta_neff_tm_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_te);
+            $fclose(file_tm);
+            readfile_delta_neff=2;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_delta_neff == 2) begin
+            delta_neff_ter=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_te_vdata,delta_neff_te_data_r,"3E");
+            delta_neff_tei=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_te_vdata,delta_neff_te_data_i,"3E");
+            if (V(Vbias) < delta_neff_te_vdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_te table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+            else if (V(Vbias) > delta_neff_te_vdata[num_lines_deltaneff_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_te table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+            delta_neff_tmr=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_tm_vdata,delta_neff_tm_data_r,"3E");
+            delta_neff_tmi=$table_model(V(Vbias),delta_neff_tm_vdata,delta_neff_tm_data_i,"3E");
+            if (V(Vbias) < delta_neff_tm_vdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_tm table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+            else if (V(Vbias) > delta_neff_tm_vdata[num_lines_deltaneff_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: V(Vbias) %f is out of range of the delta_neff_tm table",V(Vbias));
+            end
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_neff == 1) begin
+            file_bus_te=$fopen(file_neff_bus_te,"r");
+            file_bus_tm=$fopen(file_neff_bus_tm,"r");
+            file_ring_te=$fopen(file_neff_ring_te,"r");
+            file_ring_tm=$fopen(file_neff_ring_tm,"r");
+            if (file_bus_te == 0 && file_bus_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_neff_bus_te,file_neff_bus_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_ring_te == 0 && file_ring_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_neff_ring_te,file_neff_ring_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_bus_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_bus_te,"%d",num_lines_neff_bus_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_bus_te,"%f %f %f",neff_bus_te_lamdata[i],neff_bus_te_data_r[i],neff_bus_te_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_bus_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_bus_tm,file_neff_bus_te);
+                    num_lines_neff_bus_tm=num_lines_neff_bus_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_bus_tm_lamdata[i]=neff_bus_te_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_bus_tm_data_r[i]=neff_bus_te_data_r[i];
+                        neff_bus_tm_data_i[i]=neff_bus_te_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_bus_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_bus_tm,"%d",num_lines_neff_bus_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_bus_tm,"%f %f %f",neff_bus_tm_lamdata[i],neff_bus_tm_data_r[i],neff_bus_tm_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_bus_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_bus_te,file_neff_bus_tm);
+                    num_lines_neff_bus_te=num_lines_neff_bus_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_bus_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_bus_te_lamdata[i]=neff_bus_tm_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_bus_te_data_r[i]=neff_bus_tm_data_r[i];
+                        neff_bus_te_data_i[i]=neff_bus_tm_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_bus_te);
+            $fclose(file_bus_tm);
+            if (file_ring_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_ring_te,"%d",num_lines_neff_ring_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_ring_te,"%f %f %f",neff_ring_te_lamdata[i],neff_ring_te_data_r[i],neff_ring_te_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_ring_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_ring_tm,file_neff_ring_te);
+                    num_lines_neff_ring_tm=num_lines_neff_ring_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_ring_tm_lamdata[i]=neff_ring_te_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_ring_tm_data_r[i]=neff_ring_te_data_r[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_ring_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_ring_tm,"%d",num_lines_neff_ring_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_ring_tm,"%f %f %f",neff_ring_tm_lamdata[i],neff_ring_tm_data_r[i],neff_ring_tm_data_i[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_ring_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_neff_ring_te,file_neff_ring_tm);
+                    num_lines_neff_ring_te=num_lines_neff_ring_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_neff_ring_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        neff_ring_te_lamdata[i]=neff_ring_tm_lamdata[i];
+                        neff_ring_te_data_r[i]=neff_ring_tm_data_r[i];
+                        neff_ring_te_data_i[i]=neff_ring_tm_data_i[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_ring_te);
+            $fclose(file_ring_tm);
+            readfile_neff=2;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_neff ==2) begin
+            neff_bus_ter_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_te_lamdata,neff_bus_te_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_bus_tei_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_te_lamdata,neff_bus_te_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_bus_te_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_te table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_bus_te_lamdata[num_lines_neff_bus_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_te table",lam);
+            end
+            neff_bus_tmr_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_tm_lamdata,neff_bus_tm_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_bus_tmi_u=$table_model(lam,neff_bus_tm_lamdata,neff_bus_tm_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_bus_tm_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_bus_tm_lamdata[num_lines_neff_bus_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_bus_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            neff_ring_ter_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_te_lamdata,neff_ring_te_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_ring_tei_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_te_lamdata,neff_ring_te_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_ring_te_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_ring_te_lamdata[num_lines_neff_ring_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            neff_ring_tmr_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_tm_lamdata,neff_ring_tm_data_r,"3E");
+            neff_ring_tmi_u=$table_model(lam,neff_ring_tm_lamdata,neff_ring_tm_data_i,"3E");
+            if (lam < neff_ring_tm_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > neff_ring_tm_lamdata[num_lines_neff_ring_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the neff_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            beta_bus_te=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_bus_ter_u);
+            beta_bus_tm=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_bus_tmr_u);
+            beta_ring_te=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_ring_ter_u+delta_neff_ter);
+            beta_ring_tm=2*`M_PI*freq/`P_C*(neff_ring_tmr_u+delta_neff_tmr);
+            alpha_bus_te=4*`M_PI*neff_bus_tei_u/lam;
+            alpha_bus_tm=4*`M_PI*neff_bus_tmi_u/lam;
+            alpha_ring_te=4*`M_PI*(neff_ring_tei_u+delta_neff_tei)/lam;
+            alpha_ring_tm=4*`M_PI*(neff_ring_tmi_u+delta_neff_tmi)/lam;
+        end
+
+        if (read_coupling_ring == 1) begin
+            if (readfile_coupling_ring == 0) begin
+                readfile_coupling_ring=1;
+            end
+        end
+        else begin
+            coupling_ring_te_u=coupling_ring_te;
+            coupling_ring_tm_u=coupling_ring_tm;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_coupling_ring == 1) begin
+            file_te=$fopen(file_coupling_ring_te,"r");
+            file_tm=$fopen(file_coupling_ring_tm,"r");
+            if (file_te == 0 && file_tm == 0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open file %s and %s",file_coupling_ring_te,file_coupling_ring_tm);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            if (file_te != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_te,"%d",num_lines_coupling_te);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_te;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_te,"%f %f",coupling_ring_te_lamdata[i],coupling_ring_te_data[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_tm == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_coupling_ring_tm,file_coupling_ring_te);
+                    num_lines_coupling_tm=num_lines_coupling_te;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_te;i=i+1) begin
+                        coupling_ring_tm_lamdata[i]=coupling_ring_te_lamdata[i];
+                        coupling_ring_tm_data[i]=coupling_ring_te_data[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            if (file_tm != 0) begin
+                $fscanf(file_tm,"%d",num_lines_coupling_tm);
+                for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(file_tm,"%f %f",coupling_ring_tm_lamdata[i],coupling_ring_tm_data[i]);
+                end
+                if (file_te == 0) begin
+                    $display("Warning: cannot open file %s, using %s instead",file_coupling_ring_te,file_coupling_ring_tm);
+                    num_lines_coupling_te=num_lines_coupling_tm;
+                    for (i=0;i<num_lines_coupling_tm;i=i+1) begin
+                        coupling_ring_te_lamdata[i]=coupling_ring_tm_lamdata[i];
+                        coupling_ring_te_data[i]=coupling_ring_tm_data[i];
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(file_te);
+            $fclose(file_tm);
+            readfile_coupling_ring=2;
+        end
+
+        if (readfile_coupling_ring ==2) begin
+            coupling_ring_te_u=$table_model(lam,coupling_ring_te_lamdata,coupling_ring_te_data,"3E");
+            if (lam < coupling_ring_te_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > coupling_ring_te_lamdata[num_lines_coupling_te-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_te table",lam);
+            end
+            coupling_ring_tm_u=$table_model(lam,coupling_ring_tm_lamdata,coupling_ring_tm_data,"3E");
+            if (lam < coupling_ring_tm_lamdata[0]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+            else if (lam > coupling_ring_tm_lamdata[num_lines_coupling_tm-1]) begin
+                $display("Warning: wavelength %e is out of range of the coupling_ring_tm table",lam);
+            end
+        end
+
+        beta_bus_ter=beta_bus_te;
+        beta_bus_tei=-0.5*alpha_bus_te;
+        beta_bus_tmr=beta_bus_tm;
+        beta_bus_tmi=-0.5*alpha_bus_tm;
+        beta_ring_ter=beta_ring_te;
+        beta_ring_tei=-0.5*alpha_ring_te;
+        beta_ring_tmr=beta_ring_tm;
+        beta_ring_tmi=-0.5*alpha_ring_tm;
+
+        t_te=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_te_u);
+        t_tm=sqrt(1-coupling_ring_tm_u);
+        theta_ter=beta_ring_ter*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_te/360.0*`M_PI*2;
+        theta_tei=beta_ring_tei*l_ring;
+        theta_tmr=beta_ring_tmr*l_ring-phasedelay_ring_tm/360.0*`M_PI*2;
+        theta_tmi=beta_ring_tmi*l_ring;
+
+        c1e1r=1-t_te*exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c1e1i=-t_te*exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c1e2r=t_te-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter);
+        c1e2i=exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter);
+        c11m=pow(t_te-exp(-theta_tei)*cos(theta_ter),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tei)*sin(theta_ter),2);
+        c11r=(c1e1r*c1e2r-c1e1i*c1e2i)/c11m;
+        c11i=(c1e1r*c1e2i+c1e1i*c1e2r)/c11m;
+
+        c1m1r=1-t_tm*exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c1m1i=-t_tm*exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c1m2r=t_tm-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr);
+        c1m2i=exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr);
+        c12m=pow(t_tm-exp(-theta_tmi)*cos(theta_tmr),2)+pow(exp(-theta_tmi)*sin(theta_tmr),2);
+        c12r=(c1m1r*c1m2r-c1m1i*c1m2i)/c12m;
+        c12i=(c1m1r*c1m2i+c1m1i*c1m2r)/c12m;
+
+        c21r=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+        c21i=exp(beta_bus_tei*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_ter*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_te/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+        c22r=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*cos(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+        c22i=exp(beta_bus_tmi*l_bus)*sin(-beta_bus_tmr*l_bus-phasedelay_bus_tm/360.0*`M_PI*2);
+
+        t11r=c11r*c21r-c11i*c21i;
+        t11i=c11r*c21i+c11i*c21r;
+        t12r=0;
+        t12i=0;
+        t21r=0;
+        t21i=0;
+        t22r=c12r*c22r-c12i*c22i;
+        t22i=c12r*c22i+c12i*c22r;
+
+        eeor=t11r*eeir-t11i*eeii+t12r*emir-t12i*emii;
+        eeoi=t11r*eeii+t11i*eeir+t12r*emii+t12i*emir;
+        emor=t21r*eeir-t21i*eeii+t22r*emir-t22i*emii;
+        emoi=t21r*eeii+t21i*eeir+t22r*emii+t22i*emir;
+
+        if (modespec == 1) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ eeor*eeor+eeoi*eeoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eeoi,eeor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        else if (modespec == 2) begin
+            V(Opow) <+ emor*emor+emoi*emoi;
+            V(Ophase) <+ atan2(emoi,emor)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        end
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+
+    end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/idealfilter.va b/1.0/ring/idealfilter.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ea1069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/idealfilter.va
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,idealfilter,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealfilter(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2);
+    parameter real r = 10u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha = 7.1029e3 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real t1_abs = 0.8 from [0:1];
+    parameter real t1_theta = 0 from (-360:360);
+    parameter real t2_abs = 0.8 from [0:1];
+    parameter real t2_theta = 0 from (-360:360);
+    parameter real neff = 3.42 from (0:inf);
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+
+    real omega,L;
+    real a,theta;
+    real T1,T2;
+    real t1r,t1i,t2r,t2i;
+    real k1r,k1i,k2r,k2i;
+    real dr,di,u1r,u1i,u2r,u2i,u3r,u3i,u4r,u4i;
+    real ein1r,ein1i,ein2r,ein2i,eout1r,eout1i,eout2r,eout2i;
+    real c1r,c1i,c2r,c2i,c3r,c3i,c4r,c4i;
+
+    analog begin
+        omega=2*`M_PI*`P_C/V(Ilam1);
+        L=2*`M_PI*r;
+        a=exp(-alpha*L/2);
+        theta=omega*neff*L/`P_C;
+        t1r=t1_abs*cos(t1_theta*`M_PI/180);
+        t1i=t1_abs*sin(t1_theta*`M_PI/180);
+        t2r=t2_abs*cos(t2_theta*`M_PI/180);
+        t2i=t2_abs*sin(t2_theta*`M_PI/180);
+        k1r=sqrt(1-pow(t1r,2)-pow(t1i,2));
+        k2r=sqrt(1-pow(t2r,2)-pow(t2i,2));
+        k1i=0;
+        k2i=0;       
+
+        dr=1-a*cos(theta)*t1r*t2r+a*cos(theta)*t1i*t2i-a*sin(theta)*t1r*t2i-a*sin(theta)*t1i*t2r;
+        di=a*cos(theta)*t1r*t2i+a*cos(theta)*t1i*t2r-a*sin(theta)*t1r*t2r+a*sin(theta)*t1i*t2i;
+        u1r=t1r-a*cos(theta)*t2r+a*sin(theta)*t2i;
+        u1i=t1i-a*cos(theta)*t2i-a*sin(theta)*t2r;
+        u2r=-sqrt(a)*(cos(theta/2)*k1r*k2r+cos(theta/2)*k1i*k2i+sin(theta/2)*k1r*k2i-sin(theta/2)*k1i*k2r);
+        u2i=-sqrt(a)*(sin(theta/2)*k1r*k2r+sin(theta/2)*k1i*k2i-cos(theta/2)*k1r*k2i+cos(theta/2)*k1i*k2r);
+        u3r=t2r-a*cos(theta)*t1r+a*sin(theta)*t1i;
+        u3i=t2i-a*cos(theta)*t1i-a*sin(theta)*t1r;
+        u4r=-sqrt(a)*(cos(theta/2)*k2r*k1r+cos(theta/2)*k2i*k1i+sin(theta/2)*k2r*k1i-sin(theta/2)*k2i*k1r);
+        u4i=-sqrt(a)*(sin(theta/2)*k2r*k1r+sin(theta/2)*k2i*k1i-cos(theta/2)*k2r*k1i+cos(theta/2)*k2i*k1r);
+
+        c1r=(dr*u1r+di*u1i)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c1i=(dr*u1i-di*u1r)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c2r=(dr*u2r+di*u2i)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c2i=(dr*u2i-di*u2r)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c3r=(dr*u3r+di*u3i)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c3i=(dr*u3i-di*u3r)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c4r=(dr*u4r+di*u4i)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+        c4i=(dr*u4i-di*u4r)/(pow(dr,2)+pow(di,2));
+
+        ein1r=V(Ipow1)*cos(V(Iphase1)/180.0*`M_PI);
+        ein1i=V(Ipow1)*sin(V(Iphase1)/180.0*`M_PI);
+        ein2r=V(Ipow2)*cos(V(Iphase2)/180.0*`M_PI);
+        ein2i=V(Ipow2)*sin(V(Iphase2)/180.0*`M_PI);
+        eout1r=c1r*ein1r-c1i*ein1i+c2r*ein2r-c2i*ein2i;
+        eout1i=c1i*ein1r+c1r*ein1i+c2i*ein2r+c2r*ein2i;
+        eout2r=c3r*ein2r-c3i*ein2i+c4r*ein1r-c4i*ein1i;
+        eout2i=c3i*ein2r+c3r*ein2i+c4i*ein1r+c4r*ein1i;
+
+        V(Opow1) <+ eout1r*eout1r+eout1i*eout1i;
+        V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(eout1i,eout1r)/`M_PI*180.0;
+		V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam1);
+
+        V(Opow2) <+ eout2r*eout2r+eout2i*eout2i;
+        V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(eout2i,eout2r)/`M_PI*180.0;
+		V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam2);
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/idealreso.va b/1.0/ring/idealreso.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4e1506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/idealreso.va
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,idealreso,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module idealreso(Ipow,);
+    parameter real t_abs = 0.8 from [0:1];
+    parameter real t_theta = 0 from (-360:360);
+    parameter real alpha = 7.1029e3 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real r = 10u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real neff = 3.42 from (0:inf);
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    electrical Ipow, Iphase, Ilam, Opow, Ophase, Olam;
+
+    real omega,L;
+    real a,theta;
+    // real T;
+    real tr,ti,a1,b1,c1,d1,ttr,tti;
+    real einr,eini,eoutr,eouti;
+
+    analog begin
+        omega=2*`M_PI*`P_C/V(Ilam);
+        L=2*`M_PI*r;
+        a=exp(-alpha*L/2);
+        theta=omega*neff*L/`P_C;
+        tr=t_abs*cos(t_theta);
+        ti=t_abs*sin(t_theta);
+        a1=tr-a*cos(theta);
+        b1=ti-a*sin(theta);
+        c1=1-a*tr*cos(theta)+a*-1*ti*sin(theta);
+        d1=-a*-1*ti*cos(theta)-a*tr*sin(theta);
+        ttr=(a1*c1+b1*d1)/(c1*c1+d1*d1);
+        tti=(b1*c1-a1*d1)/(c1*c1+d1*d1);
+
+        einr=V(Ipow)*cos(V(Iphase)/180.0*`M_PI);
+        eini=V(Ipow)*sin(V(Iphase)/180.0*`M_PI);
+        eoutr=ttr*einr-tti*eini;
+        eouti=tti*einr+ttr*eini;
+
+        V(Opow) <+ eoutr*eoutr+eouti*eouti;
+        V(Ophase) <+ atan2(eouti,eoutr)/`M_PI*180.0;
+		V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+    end
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/nefffilter.va b/1.0/ring/nefffilter.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2a4828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/nefffilter.va
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,nefffilter,veriloga
+//Xuanqi Chen, Zhifei Wang, Yi-Shing Chang, Jiang Xu, Jun Feng, Peng Yang, Zhehui Wang, Luan H. K. Duong, ”Modeling and Analysis of Optical Modulators Based on Free-Carrier Plasma Dispersion Effect,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 977-990, May 2020.
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_TABLE_SIZE 300000
+`define MAX_X_NUM 1000
+//500*500=250000
+
+module nefffilter(Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Vbias,Gnd);
+    //Parameters
+    parameter real r = 10u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real phaseshift_ratio = 0.8407 from (0:1);
+    parameter real nref_coupler = 3.02 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real kappa_coupler = 2.15e6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_coupler = 0.1u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_phaseshift_ref = 80 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_absorp = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_wd = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real rib_width = 0.4u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real pn_offset = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real ni = 1e16 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real N_A = 5e23 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real N_D = 1e24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Lp = 2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Ln = 1u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real epsr_Si = 11.7;
+    parameter real Is = 1e-14 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real IBV = 1000u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real BV = 40 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real V0 = 1 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cj0 = 1.5p from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tau = 0.5n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 55 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real emi = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vt = 0.0259 from (0:inf);
+    parameter string neff_ps_filename = "../../../data/EIM/outputPN1.54-1.56-500.txt";
+    parameter string neff_wg_filename = "../../../data/EIM/output-wg1.54-1.56-500.txt";
+
+    input Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Vbias;
+    output Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Ipow1,Iphase1,Ilam1,Ipow2,Iphase2,Ilam2,Vbias,Opow1,Ophase1,Olam1,Opow2,Ophase2,Olam2,Gnd;
+    electrical Nint;
+
+    branch (Gnd,Nint) Iint;
+    branch (Nint,Gnd) CCj,CCd,Idd,RRs;
+
+    //internal variables
+    real beta_cp;
+    real k_cp_r,k_cp_i;
+    real t_cp_r,t_cp_i;
+    real beta_wg;
+    real k_wg_r,k_wg_i;
+    real beta_ps;
+    real k_ps_r,k_ps_i;
+    real er,ei;
+    real p_mr_r,p_mr_i;
+    real E_in1_R,E_in1_I,E_in2_R,E_in2_I;
+    real E_out1_R,E_out1_I,E_out2_R,E_out2_I;
+    real t2r,t2i,p2r,p2i,k2r,k2i;
+    real c0r,c0i,c11r,c11i,c1r,c1i,c2r,c2i;
+    real cpr,cpi,cdr,cdi;
+    real alpha_phaseshift;
+    real W,Wdp,Wdn;
+    real eps,phi_bi,phi;
+    real N_avr;
+    real gd,Id,Cj,Cd;
+    real pn00,np00;
+    real lam;
+    real neff_waveguide,neff_phaseshift_ref,neff_phaseshift;
+
+    //1550nm
+    real sigma_ne=-8.8E-22;
+    real sigma_nh=-8.5E-18;
+    real sigma_ae=8.5E-18;
+    real sigma_ah=6.0E-18;
+
+    real xlength;//=0.6u;
+    integer xnum=`MAX_X_NUM+1;
+    integer xnum2=2*`MAX_X_NUM+1;
+    real x[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real np[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real pp[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real pn[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real nn[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real xx[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real n[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real p[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    integer wi,wf;
+    real dalpha_e[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real dalpha_h[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real dalpha[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real sum_dalpha,dalpha_avr;
+
+    integer ps_file, wg_file;
+    real width_start, width_end, width_step;
+    integer width_num;
+    real lam_start, lam_end, lam_step;
+    integer lam_num;
+    integer lam_near, width_near;
+    real tmp;
+    real lam_old=0;
+    real width_old=0;
+    real neff_table_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_lamtable_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_widthtable_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_table_wg[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_lamtable_wg[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    integer read_table_ps=1;
+    integer read_table_wg=1;
+
+    integer i, j;
+
+    analog initial begin
+        pn00=pow(ni,2)/N_D;
+        np00=pow(ni,2)/N_A;
+
+        eps=epsr_Si*`P_EPS0;
+        phi_bi=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q*ln(N_A*N_D/pow(ni,2));
+
+        N_avr=N_A*N_D/(N_A+N_D);
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        lam=V(Ilam1);
+        gd=(-Is*(exp(5)-1)+IBV)/(-5*emi*Vt + BV);
+        Id=Is*(limexp(V(Nint)/(emi*Vt))-1)+V(Nint)*gd;
+        if (V(Nint) >= V0) 
+            Cj=0;
+        else
+            Cj=Cj0/sqrt(1-V(Nint)/V0);
+        //Cd=Id*tau/(emi*Vt);
+        Cd=Is*(exp(V(Nint)/(emi*Vt))-1)*tau/(emi*Vt);
+
+        I(Iint) <+ V(Vbias)/Rs;
+        I(CCj) <+ Cj*ddt(V(CCj));
+        I(CCd) <+ Cd*ddt(V(CCd));
+        I(Idd) <+ Id;
+        V(RRs) <+ I(RRs)*Rs;
+
+        E_in1_R=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*cos(V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        E_in1_I=sqrt(V(Ipow1))*sin(V(Iphase1)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        E_in2_R=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*cos(V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        E_in2_I=sqrt(V(Ipow2))*sin(V(Iphase2)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+
+        beta_cp = 2.0*`M_PI*nref_coupler/lam;
+
+        k_cp_r=-sin(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * sin(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+        k_cp_i=sin(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * cos(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+        t_cp_r=cos(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * cos(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+        t_cp_i=cos(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * sin(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+
+        phi=phi_bi-V(Nint);
+        if (phi<0) 
+            phi=0;
+
+        W=alpha_wd * sqrt(2.0*eps*phi/(`P_Q*N_avr));
+        Wdp=N_D * W/(N_A+N_D);
+        Wdn=N_A * W/(N_A+N_D);
+
+        xlength=rib_width/2;
+
+        for (i=0; i<xnum; i=i+1) begin
+            x[i]=i*xlength/(xnum-1);
+            np[i]=np00*(exp(`P_Q*V(Nint)/(`P_K*$temperature))-1)*exp(-(x[i]-Wdp)/Ln)+np00;
+            if (x[i]>Wdp) begin
+                pp[i]=N_A;
+            end
+            else begin
+                pp[i]=0;
+            end
+            pn[i]=pn00*(exp(`P_Q*V(Nint)/(`P_K*$temperature))-1)*exp(-(x[i]-Wdn)/Lp)+pn00;
+            if (x[i]>Wdn) begin
+                nn[i]=N_D;
+            end
+            else begin
+                nn[i]=0;
+            end
+            if (np[i]<0) np[i]=0;
+            if (pn[i]<0) pn[i]=0;
+        end
+
+        for (i=0; i<2*xnum; i=i+1) begin
+            if (i<xnum) begin
+                xx[i]=-x[xnum-1-i];
+                n[i]=np[xnum-1-i];
+                p[i]=pp[xnum-1-i];
+            end
+            else begin
+                xx[i]=x[i-xnum];
+                n[i]=nn[i-xnum];
+                p[i]=pn[i-xnum];
+            end
+            // if (abs(xx[i]+rib_width/2) < 0.001u) begin
+            //     wi=i;
+            //     $display("wi=%d",wi);
+            // end
+            // if (abs(xx[i]-rib_width/2) < 0.001u) begin
+            //     wf=i;
+            //     $display("wf=%d",wf);
+            // end
+        end
+        for (i=0; i<xnum2; i=i+1) begin
+            dalpha_e[i]=n[i]*sigma_ae*1e-4;
+            dalpha_h[i]=p[i]*sigma_ah*1e-4;
+            dalpha[i]=dalpha_e[i] + dalpha_h[i];
+        end
+
+        sum_dalpha=0;
+        for (i=0; i<xnum2; i=i+1) begin
+            sum_dalpha=sum_dalpha+dalpha[i];
+        end
+        dalpha_avr=sum_dalpha/(xnum2);
+        alpha_phaseshift = alpha_phaseshift_ref + dalpha_avr;
+
+        if (read_table_ps==0 || lam_old==0 || width_old==0) begin
+            read_table_ps=1;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_ps == 1) begin
+            ps_file=$fopen(neff_ps_filename,"r");
+            if (ps_file==0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open ps_file %s",neff_ps_filename);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            // else
+                // $display("ps_file %s opened successfully",neff_ps_filename);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",width_start);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",width_end);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%d",width_num);
+            width_step = (width_end-width_start)/(width_num-1);
+            // $display("width_start=%f, width_end=%f, width_num=%f, width_step=%f",width_start,width_end,width_num,width_step);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",lam_start);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",lam_end);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%d",lam_num);
+            lam_step = (lam_end-lam_start)/(lam_num-1);
+            // for (i=0; i<width_num; i=i+1) begin
+            //         $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",tmp);
+            // end
+            for (i=0; i<width_num; i=i+1) begin
+                for (j=0; j<lam_num; j=j+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",tmp);
+                    neff_widthtable_ps[i*lam_num+j] = width_start+i*width_step;
+                    neff_lamtable_ps[i*lam_num+j] = lam_start+j*lam_step;
+                    neff_table_ps[i*lam_num+j] = tmp;
+                    //$display("neff_widthtable_ps[%d]=%f, neff_lamtable_ps[%d]=%f, neff_table_ps[%d]=%f",i*lam_num+j,neff_widthtable_ps[i*lam_num+j],i*lam_num+j,neff_lamtable_ps[i*lam_num+j],i*lam_num+j,neff_table_ps[i*lam_num+j]);
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(ps_file);
+            neff_widthtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_lamtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_table_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_widthtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = 0;
+            neff_lamtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = -1;
+            neff_table_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = 0;
+            read_table_ps=2;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_ps == 2) begin
+            if (lam*1e6<lam_start || lam*1e6>lam_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: lam=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",lam*1e6,lam_start,lam_end);
+            end
+            if (Wdp*1e6<width_start || Wdp*1e6>width_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: Wdp=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",Wdp*1e6,width_start,width_end);
+            end
+            neff_phaseshift = $table_model(Wdp*1e6, lam*1e6, neff_widthtable_ps, neff_lamtable_ps, neff_table_ps, "3L,3L");
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_wg == 0|| lam_old==0 ) begin
+            read_table_wg=1;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_wg == 1) begin
+            wg_file=$fopen(neff_wg_filename,"r");
+            if (wg_file==0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open wg_file %s",neff_wg_filename);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            $fscanf(wg_file,"%f",lam_start);
+            $fscanf(wg_file,"%f",lam_end);
+            $fscanf(wg_file,"%d",lam_num);
+            for (i=0; i<lam_num; i=i+1) begin
+                neff_lamtable_wg[i] = lam_start+i*lam_step;
+            end
+            for (j=0; j<lam_num; j=j+1) begin
+                $fscanf(wg_file,"%f",tmp);
+                neff_table_wg[j] = tmp;
+            end
+            read_table_wg=2;
+            $fclose(wg_file);
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_wg == 2) begin
+            if (lam*1e6<lam_start || lam*1e6>lam_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: lam=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",lam*1e6,lam_start,lam_end);
+            end
+            neff_waveguide = $table_model(lam*1e6, neff_lamtable_wg, neff_table_wg, "3E");
+        end
+
+        beta_wg = 2.0*`M_PI*neff_waveguide/lam;
+        beta_ps = 2.0*`M_PI*neff_phaseshift/lam;
+
+        k_wg_r=-alpha_phaseshift_ref;
+        k_wg_i=beta_wg;
+
+        k_ps_r=-alpha_phaseshift*alpha_absorp;
+        k_ps_i=beta_ps;
+
+        er = phaseshift_ratio*`M_PI*r*k_ps_r+(1.0-phaseshift_ratio)*`M_PI*r*k_wg_r;
+        ei = phaseshift_ratio*`M_PI*r*k_ps_i+(1.0-phaseshift_ratio)*`M_PI*r*k_wg_i;
+        p_mr_r = limexp(er)*cos(ei);
+        p_mr_i = limexp(er)*sin(ei);
+
+        t2r=t_cp_r*t_cp_r-t_cp_i*t_cp_i;
+        t2i=2*t_cp_r*t_cp_i;
+        p2r=p_mr_r*p_mr_r-p_mr_i*p_mr_i;
+        p2i=2*p_mr_r*p_mr_i;
+        k2r=k_cp_r*k_cp_r-k_cp_i*k_cp_i;
+        k2i=2*k_cp_r*k_cp_i;
+        c0r=1-t2r*p2r+t2i*p2i;
+        c0i=-t2r*p2i-t2i*p2r;
+        c11r=1+(k2r-t2r)*p2r-(k2i-t2i)*p2i;
+        c11i=(k2r-t2r)*p2i+(k2i-t2i)*p2r;
+        c1r=t_cp_r*c11r-t_cp_i*c11i;
+        c1i=t_cp_r*c11i+t_cp_i*c11r;
+        c2r=k2r*p_mr_r-k2i*p_mr_i;
+        c2i=k2r*p_mr_i+k2i*p_mr_r;
+        cpr=(c0r*c1r+c0i*c1i)/(c0r*c0r+c0i*c0i);
+        cpi=(c0r*c1i-c0i*c1r)/(c0r*c0r+c0i*c0i);
+        cdr=(c0r*c2r+c0i*c2i)/(c0r*c0r+c0i*c0i);
+        cdi=(c0r*c2i-c0i*c2r)/(c0r*c0r+c0i*c0i);
+        E_out1_R=cpr*E_in1_R-cpi*E_in1_I+cdr*E_in2_R-cdi*E_in2_I;
+        E_out1_I=cpi*E_in1_R+cpr*E_in1_I+cdi*E_in2_R+cdr*E_in2_I;
+        E_out2_R=cdr*E_in1_R-cdi*E_in1_I+cpr*E_in2_R-cpi*E_in2_I;
+        E_out2_I=cdi*E_in1_R+cdr*E_in1_I+cpi*E_in2_R+cpr*E_in2_I;
+
+        V(Opow1) <+ E_out1_R*E_out1_R+E_out1_I*E_out1_I;
+        V(Ophase1) <+ atan2(E_out1_I,E_out1_R)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam1) <+ V(Ilam1);
+        V(Opow2) <+ E_out2_R*E_out2_R+E_out2_I*E_out2_I;
+        V(Ophase2) <+ atan2(E_out2_I,E_out2_R)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam2) <+ V(Ilam2);
+
+        lam_old=lam;
+        width_old=Wdp;
+    end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/ring/neffreso.va b/1.0/ring/neffreso.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb24eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/ring/neffreso.va
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+//VerilogA for ring,neffreso,veriloga
+//Xuanqi Chen, Zhifei Wang, Yi-Shing Chang, Jiang Xu, Jun Feng, Peng Yang, Zhehui Wang, Luan H. K. Duong, ”Modeling and Analysis of Optical Modulators Based on Free-Carrier Plasma Dispersion Effect,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (TCAD), vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 977-990, May 2020.
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+`define MAX_TABLE_SIZE 300000
+`define MAX_X_NUM 1000
+//500*500=250000
+
+module neffreso(Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vbias,Gnd);
+    //Parameters
+    parameter real r = 10u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real phaseshift_ratio = 0.8407 from (0:1);
+    parameter real nref_coupler = 3.02 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real kappa_coupler = 2.15e6 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real l_coupler = 0.1u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_phaseshift_ref = 80 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_absorp = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real alpha_wd = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real rib_width = 0.4u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real pn_offset = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real ni = 1e16 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real N_A = 5e23 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real N_D = 1e24 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Lp = 2u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Ln = 1u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real epsr_Si = 11.7;
+    parameter real Is = 1e-14 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real IBV = 1000u from (0:inf);
+    parameter real BV = 40 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real V0 = 1 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real Cj0 = 1.5p from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tau = 0.5n from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Rs = 55 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real emi = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real Vt = 0.0259 from (0:inf);
+    parameter string neff_ps_filename = "../../../data/EIM/outputPN1.54-1.56-500.txt";
+    parameter string neff_wg_filename = "../../../data/EIM/output-wg1.54-1.56-500.txt";
+
+    input Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Vbias;
+    output Opow,Ophase,Olam;
+    inout Gnd;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Ilam,Opow,Ophase,Olam,Vbias,Nint,Gnd;
+
+    branch (Gnd,Nint) Iint;
+    branch (Nint,Gnd) CCj,CCd,Idd,RRs;
+
+    //internal variables
+    real beta_cp;
+    real k_cp_r,k_cp_i;
+    real t_cp_r,t_cp_i;
+    real beta_wg;
+    real k_wg_r,k_wg_i;
+    real beta_ps;
+    real k_ps_r,k_ps_i;
+    real c1r,c1i,c2r,c2i,cr,ci;
+    real er,ei;
+    real p_mr_r,p_mr_i;
+    real E_in_R,E_in_I,E_out_R,E_out_I;
+    real alpha_phaseshift;
+    real W,Wdp,Wdn;
+    real eps,phi_bi,phi;
+    real N_avr;
+    real gd,Id,Cj,Cd;
+    real pn00,np00;
+    real lam;
+    real neff_waveguide,neff_phaseshift_ref,neff_phaseshift;
+
+    //1550nm
+    real sigma_ne=-8.8E-22;
+    real sigma_nh=-8.5E-18;
+    real sigma_ae=8.5E-18;
+    real sigma_ah=6.0E-18;
+
+    real xlength;//=0.6u;
+    integer xnum=`MAX_X_NUM+1;
+    integer xnum2=2*`MAX_X_NUM+1;
+    real x[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real np[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real pp[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real pn[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real nn[0:`MAX_X_NUM];
+    real xx[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real n[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real p[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    integer wi,wf;
+    real dalpha_e[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real dalpha_h[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real dalpha[0:2*`MAX_X_NUM+1];
+    real sum_dalpha,dalpha_avr;
+
+    integer ps_file, wg_file;
+    real width_start, width_end, width_step;
+    integer width_num;
+    real lam_start, lam_end, lam_step;
+    integer lam_num;
+    integer lam_near, width_near;
+    real tmp;
+    real lam_old=0;
+    real width_old=0;
+    real neff_table_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_lamtable_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_widthtable_ps[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_table_wg[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    real neff_lamtable_wg[0:`MAX_TABLE_SIZE] = {0};
+    integer read_table_ps=1;
+    integer read_table_wg=1;
+
+    integer i, j;
+
+    analog initial begin
+        pn00=pow(ni,2)/N_D;
+        np00=pow(ni,2)/N_A;
+
+        eps=epsr_Si*`P_EPS0;
+        phi_bi=`P_K*$temperature/`P_Q*ln(N_A*N_D/pow(ni,2));
+
+        N_avr=N_A*N_D/(N_A+N_D);
+    end
+
+    analog begin
+        lam=V(Ilam);
+        gd=(-Is*(exp(5)-1)+IBV)/(-5*emi*Vt + BV);
+        Id=Is*(limexp(V(Nint)/(emi*Vt))-1)+V(Nint)*gd;
+        if (V(Nint) >= V0) 
+            Cj=0;
+        else
+            Cj=Cj0/sqrt(1-V(Nint)/V0);
+        //Cd=Id*tau/(emi*Vt);
+        Cd=Is*(exp(V(Nint)/(emi*Vt))-1)*tau/(emi*Vt);
+
+        I(Iint) <+ V(Vbias)/Rs;
+        I(CCj) <+ Cj*ddt(V(CCj));
+        I(CCd) <+ Cd*ddt(V(CCd));
+        I(Idd) <+ Id;
+        V(RRs) <+ I(RRs)*Rs;
+
+        E_in_R=sqrt(V(Ipow))*cos(V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+        E_in_I=sqrt(V(Ipow))*sin(V(Iphase)/360.0*2*`M_PI);
+
+        beta_cp = 2.0*`M_PI*nref_coupler/lam;
+
+        //k_cp = 1j*sin(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * limexp(1j*l_coupler*beta_cp)
+        k_cp_r=-sin(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * sin(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+        k_cp_i=sin(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * cos(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+        //t_cp = cos(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * limexp(1j*l_coupler*beta_cp)
+        t_cp_r=cos(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * cos(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+        t_cp_i=cos(kappa_coupler*l_coupler) * sin(l_coupler*beta_cp);
+
+        phi=phi_bi-V(Nint);
+        if (phi<0) 
+            phi=0;
+
+        W=alpha_wd * sqrt(2.0*eps*phi/(`P_Q*N_avr));
+        Wdp=N_D * W/(N_A+N_D);
+        Wdn=N_A * W/(N_A+N_D);
+
+        xlength=rib_width/2;
+
+        for (i=0; i<xnum; i=i+1) begin
+            x[i]=i*xlength/(xnum-1);
+            np[i]=np00*(exp(`P_Q*V(Nint)/(`P_K*$temperature))-1)*exp(-(x[i]-Wdp)/Ln)+np00;
+            if (x[i]>Wdp) begin
+                pp[i]=N_A;
+            end
+            else begin
+                pp[i]=0;
+            end
+            pn[i]=pn00*(exp(`P_Q*V(Nint)/(`P_K*$temperature))-1)*exp(-(x[i]-Wdn)/Lp)+pn00;
+            if (x[i]>Wdn) begin
+                nn[i]=N_D;
+            end
+            else begin
+                nn[i]=0;
+            end
+            if (np[i]<0) np[i]=0;
+            if (pn[i]<0) pn[i]=0;
+        end
+
+        for (i=0; i<2*xnum; i=i+1) begin
+            if (i<xnum) begin
+                xx[i]=-x[xnum-1-i];
+                n[i]=np[xnum-1-i];
+                p[i]=pp[xnum-1-i];
+            end
+            else begin
+                xx[i]=x[i-xnum];
+                n[i]=nn[i-xnum];
+                p[i]=pn[i-xnum];
+            end
+            // if (abs(xx[i]+rib_width/2) < 0.001u) begin
+            //     wi=i;
+            //     $display("wi=%d",wi);
+            // end
+            // if (abs(xx[i]-rib_width/2) < 0.001u) begin
+            //     wf=i;
+            //     $display("wf=%d",wf);
+            // end
+        end
+        for (i=0; i<xnum2; i=i+1) begin
+            dalpha_e[i]=n[i]*sigma_ae*1e-4;
+            dalpha_h[i]=p[i]*sigma_ah*1e-4;
+            dalpha[i]=dalpha_e[i] + dalpha_h[i];
+        end
+
+        sum_dalpha=0;
+        for (i=0; i<xnum2; i=i+1) begin
+            sum_dalpha=sum_dalpha+dalpha[i];
+        end
+        dalpha_avr=sum_dalpha/(xnum2);
+        alpha_phaseshift = alpha_phaseshift_ref + dalpha_avr;
+
+        if (read_table_ps==0 || lam_old==0 || width_old==0) begin
+            read_table_ps=1;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_ps == 1) begin
+            ps_file=$fopen(neff_ps_filename,"r");
+            if (ps_file==0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open ps_file %s",neff_ps_filename);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            // else
+                // $display("ps_file %s opened successfully",neff_ps_filename);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",width_start);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",width_end);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%d",width_num);
+            width_step = (width_end-width_start)/(width_num-1);
+            // $display("width_start=%f, width_end=%f, width_num=%f, width_step=%f",width_start,width_end,width_num,width_step);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",lam_start);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",lam_end);
+            $fscanf(ps_file,"%d",lam_num);
+            lam_step = (lam_end-lam_start)/(lam_num-1);
+            // for (i=0; i<width_num; i=i+1) begin
+            //         $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",tmp);
+            // end
+            for (i=0; i<width_num; i=i+1) begin
+                for (j=0; j<lam_num; j=j+1) begin
+                    $fscanf(ps_file,"%f",tmp);
+                    neff_widthtable_ps[i*lam_num+j] = width_start+i*width_step;
+                    neff_lamtable_ps[i*lam_num+j] = lam_start+j*lam_step;
+                    neff_table_ps[i*lam_num+j] = tmp;
+                    //$display("neff_widthtable_ps[%d]=%f, neff_lamtable_ps[%d]=%f, neff_table_ps[%d]=%f",i*lam_num+j,neff_widthtable_ps[i*lam_num+j],i*lam_num+j,neff_lamtable_ps[i*lam_num+j],i*lam_num+j,neff_table_ps[i*lam_num+j]);
+                end
+            end
+            $fclose(ps_file);
+            neff_widthtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_lamtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_table_ps[width_num*lam_num+1] = 0;
+            neff_widthtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = 0;
+            neff_lamtable_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = -1;
+            neff_table_ps[width_num*lam_num+2] = 0;
+            read_table_ps=2;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_ps == 2) begin
+            if (lam*1e6<lam_start || lam*1e6>lam_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: lam=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",lam*1e6,lam_start,lam_end);
+            end
+            if (Wdp*1e6<width_start || Wdp*1e6>width_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: Wdp=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",Wdp*1e6,width_start,width_end);
+            end
+            neff_phaseshift = $table_model(Wdp*1e6, lam*1e6, neff_widthtable_ps, neff_lamtable_ps, neff_table_ps, "3L,3L");
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_wg == 0|| lam_old==0 ) begin
+            read_table_wg=1;
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_wg == 1) begin
+            wg_file=$fopen(neff_wg_filename,"r");
+            if (wg_file==0) begin
+                $display("Error: cannot open wg_file %s",neff_wg_filename);
+                $finish;
+            end
+            $fscanf(wg_file,"%f",lam_start);
+            $fscanf(wg_file,"%f",lam_end);
+            $fscanf(wg_file,"%d",lam_num);
+            for (i=0; i<lam_num; i=i+1) begin
+                neff_lamtable_wg[i] = lam_start+i*lam_step;
+            end
+            for (j=0; j<lam_num; j=j+1) begin
+                $fscanf(wg_file,"%f",tmp);
+                neff_table_wg[j] = tmp;
+            end
+            read_table_wg=2;
+            $fclose(wg_file);
+        end
+
+        if (read_table_wg == 2) begin
+            if (lam*1e6<lam_start || lam*1e6>lam_end) begin
+                $display("Warning: lam=%f is out of range [%f,%f]",lam*1e6,lam_start,lam_end);
+            end
+            neff_waveguide = $table_model(lam*1e6, neff_lamtable_wg, neff_table_wg, "3E");
+        end
+
+        beta_wg = 2.0*`M_PI*neff_waveguide/lam;
+        beta_ps = 2.0*`M_PI*neff_phaseshift/lam;
+
+        k_wg_r=-alpha_phaseshift_ref;
+        k_wg_i=beta_wg;
+
+        k_ps_r=-alpha_phaseshift*alpha_absorp;
+        k_ps_i=beta_ps;
+
+        er = phaseshift_ratio*2.0*`M_PI*r*k_ps_r+(1.0-phaseshift_ratio)*2.0*`M_PI*r*k_wg_r;
+        ei = phaseshift_ratio*2.0*`M_PI*r*k_ps_i+(1.0-phaseshift_ratio)*2.0*`M_PI*r*k_wg_i;
+        p_mr_r = limexp(er)*cos(ei);
+        p_mr_i = limexp(er)*sin(ei);
+
+        c1r = t_cp_r + p_mr_r*((k_cp_r*k_cp_r-k_cp_i*k_cp_i)-(t_cp_r*t_cp_r-t_cp_i*t_cp_i))-p_mr_i*(2.0*k_cp_r*k_cp_i-2.0*t_cp_r*t_cp_i);
+        c1i = t_cp_i + p_mr_i*((k_cp_r*k_cp_r-k_cp_i*k_cp_i)-(t_cp_r*t_cp_r-t_cp_i*t_cp_i))+p_mr_r*(2.0*k_cp_r*k_cp_i-2.0*t_cp_r*t_cp_i);
+        c2r = 1.0-p_mr_r*t_cp_r+p_mr_i*t_cp_i;
+        c2i = p_mr_r*t_cp_i+p_mr_i*t_cp_r;
+        cr=(c1r*c2r-c1i*c2i)/(c2r*c2r+c2i*c2i);
+        ci=(c1i*c2r+c1r*c2i)/(c2r*c2r+c2i*c2i);
+        E_out_R = cr*E_in_R-ci*E_in_I;
+        E_out_I = ci*E_in_R+cr*E_in_I;
+
+        V(Opow) <+ E_out_R*E_out_R+E_out_I*E_out_I;
+        V(Ophase) <+ atan2(E_out_I,E_out_R)*360.0/(2*`M_PI);
+        V(Olam) <+ V(Ilam);
+
+        lam_old=lam;
+        width_old=Wdp;
+    end
+
+
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/tools/randbit.va b/1.0/tools/randbit.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a89a2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/tools/randbit.va
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//VerilogA for tools,randbit,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module randbit(Vout);
+    parameter integer seed = 216529;
+    parameter real trise = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tfall = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tdelay = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tpulse = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real vlow = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real vhigh = 1 from (-inf:inf);
+    output Vout;
+    electrical Vout;
+
+    real ctime,v;
+    real bit=0;
+    integer iseed=seed;
+    analog begin
+        @(initial_step) begin
+            v=vlow;
+            ctime=$abstime+tpulse;
+        end
+
+        @(timer(ctime)) begin
+            bit=$random(iseed) & 1;
+            v=(vhigh-vlow)*bit+vlow;
+            ctime=$abstime+tpulse;
+        end
+
+        V(Vout) <+ transition(v,tdelay,trise,tfall);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/tools/randbit_pam4.va b/1.0/tools/randbit_pam4.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3821af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/tools/randbit_pam4.va
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//VerilogA for tools,randbit_pam4,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module randbit_pam4(Vout);
+    parameter integer seed1 = 418674;
+    parameter integer seed2 = 416352;
+    parameter integer seed3 = 241412;
+    parameter real trise = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tfall = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tdelay = 0 from [0:inf);
+    parameter real tpulse = 1 from (0:inf);
+    parameter real vlow = 0 from (-inf:inf);
+    parameter real vpulse = 1 from (-inf:inf);
+    output Vout;
+    electrical Vout;
+
+    real ctime,v,v1,v2,v3;
+    real bit1=0;
+    real bit2=0;
+    real bit3=0;
+    integer iseed1=seed1;
+    integer iseed2=seed2;
+    integer iseed3=seed3;
+    analog begin
+        @(initial_step) begin
+            v=vlow;
+            v1=0;
+            v2=0;
+            v3=0;
+            ctime=$abstime+tpulse;
+        end
+
+        @(timer(ctime)) begin
+            bit1=$random(iseed1) & 1;
+            bit2=$random(iseed2) & 1;
+            bit3=$random(iseed3) & 1;
+            v1=(vpulse)*bit1;
+            v2=(vpulse)*bit2;
+            v3=(vpulse)*bit3;
+            v=v1+v2+v3+vlow;
+            ctime=$abstime+tpulse;
+        end
+
+        V(Vout) <+ transition(v,tdelay,trise,tfall);
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/tools/riout.va b/1.0/tools/riout.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e498996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/tools/riout.va
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//VerilogA for tools,riout,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module riout(Ipow,Iphase,Vreal,Vimag);
+    input Ipow,Iphase;
+    output Vreal,Vimag;
+    electrical Ipow,Iphase,Vreal,Vimag;
+
+    analog begin
+        V(Vreal) <+ V(Ipow)*cos(V(Iphase));
+        V(Vimag) <+ V(Ipow)*sin(V(Iphase));
+    end
+endmodule
diff --git a/1.0/tools/vfreq.va b/1.0/tools/vfreq.va
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69aa883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1.0/tools/vfreq.va
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//VerilogA for tools,vfreq,veriloga
+
+`include "constants.vams"
+`include "disciplines.vams"
+
+module vfreq(Vlam);
+    parameter real freq = 1G from (0:inf);
+    output Vlam;
+    electrical Vlam;
+    analog begin
+        V(Vlam) <+ `P_C / freq;
+    end
+endmodule